On 2/18/06, <b class="gmail_sendername">spike</b> <<a href="mailto:spike66@comcast.net">spike66@comcast.net</a>> wrote:<div><span class="gmail_quote"></span><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
Ja of course with an example that extreme, all bets are off. A 1 ton<br>projectile going 0.5c would shatter the planet, forming a second asteroid<br>belt. (I think. I need to do the calcs on that, but I suspect it would
<br>punch clean thru like a bullet thru an apple, taking a bunch of stuff along<br>with it as it leaves the solar system. Or that particular material would be<br>left behind with a few megatons of material from the other side of the earth
<br>blasted into space. Or I don't know: would it fuse a bunch of material to<br>iron in an endothermic nuclear reaction that would absorb most of the<br>energy? Amara <a href="http://et.al">et.al</a>. what would happen if a ton of stuff hit the earth at
<br>.5c? Surely it would be a bad hair day for humanity and the rest of<br>animalty.)</blockquote><div><br>
Not that bad! I see Amara's used an estimating program to get some
data, thanks Amara - a couple orders of magnitude need to be added to
that, since the entered speed was 15,000 km/s rather than 150,000, but
the energy still comes out in the ballpark of 20 gigatons TNT
equivalent. Not something you'd want to stand around watching, but not
a mass extinction event either.<br>
<br>
(I suspect the field of craters is an artifact of the program being
designed to handle things like the Tunguska impact. A relativistic
projectile would certainly turn into plasma as soon as it hit
atmosphere; I'm guessing there wouldn't be time for the plasma to
disperse much, though, and would stay in a reasonably concentrated
beam, making a single crater.)<br>
</div><br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">We never did do the experiment. The notion was to make our money back by<br>selling video of the impact or by sponsoring a contest to see who could
<br>guess the impact site. Most of the profit scenarios involved gambling of<br>some sort, which the company didn't like, the bunny huggers didn't like the<br>notion of vaporizing a quarter ton of tungsten, the no-nukes crowd didn't
<br>like our using the decommissioned missiles as playthings, the usual nervous<br>nellies didn't like the idea of this enormous spear possibly going off<br>course and accidentally punching a hole reactor of the Springfield nuclear
<br>power plant, or the Vatican, the local elementary school, that kinda stuff.<br>{8^D</blockquote><div><br>
Spoilsports :P That sounds fun! Though AFAIK such a weapon would be of
doubtful utility, since a solid slug needs to score a direct hit to
kill the target, and it'd be hard to guide it accurately with the
plasma sheath blinding it while it was ploughing through the atmosphere.<br>
</div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">Cool, thanks Russell. One must be careful of overapplying the simple rules.<br>The simplifications I described should be used only for a long pointy
<br>projectile, even tho I used it to theorize that any kind of anchor or cable<br>one tried to drop on Pluto at 14 km/sec would be toast. I still think<br>nothing would survive impact at those speeds, but the hydrodynamic impact
<br>relationships were for long pointy things.<br>
</blockquote></div><br>
Definitely - you wrote a good explanation of why soft landing on a solid surface at 14 km/s is a nonstarter.<br>
<br>
You could try aerobraking, but that's a tricky maneuver and there's the
question of whether there'll still be enough atmosphere not yet frozen
out by the time the probe gets there. A flyby was the best option for
this mission, given the time and budget constraints.<br>
<br>
- Russell<br>