On 2/17/06, <b class="gmail_sendername">Keith Henson</b> <<a href="mailto:hkhenson@rogers.com">hkhenson@rogers.com</a>> wrote:<div><span class="gmail_quote"></span><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
Point being that memes are a link between ultimate cause of war and wars or<br>related social disruptions such as the IRA was engaged in. Pre existing<br>xenophobic memes, particularly "religions" are likely to be the seed
<br>meme. But if people feel the need to fight, they can *always* amplify some<br>kind of meme up to a "reason" to fight. The *particular* meme the<br>attackers are using is an artifact of pre existing memes and a positive
<br>feedback process.</blockquote><div><br>
Oh, I understand what you're saying, and I think the approach of
searching for explanations in evolutionary psychology makes sense. But
theories need to be tested against observed data, and it seems to me
that when you look at history, it just doesn't support that level of
determinism.<br>
</div><br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">>Remember the idea that noncombatants are sacrosanct is a modern one. In<br>>the ancestral environment, starting a war was only a good idea if you were
<br>>going to win; losing could mean your entire tribe was wiped out.<br><br>That's rational. The specifically model specifically incorporates<br>psychological mechanisms that inhibit rational thinking. I think Drew<br>
Westen's fMRI work has demonstrated this mechanism. The only way this<br>mechanism could have been selected is if there are situation where non<br>rational thinking leads to better gene survival. Since non rational thing
<br>all too often toasts your bacon, you have to invoke Hamilton's inclusive<br>fitness for such a trait to evolve.</blockquote><div><br>
By "starting a war was only a good idea if you were going to win", I
don't mean our ancestors necessarily made rational calculations along
these lines. I mean getting your tribe wiped out was bad for inclusive
fitness, therefore genes that encouraged imprudent attacks would tend
to be eliminated from the population.<br>
</div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">As long as girls were booty enough of the time, the trait of taking insane<br>risks would survive.
</blockquote><div><br>
Not compared to having the tribe survive! <br>
</div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">>There's an example in the Old Testament where the Israelites were ordered<br>
>to keep only the virgin girls of a conquered people and exterminate the<br>>rest; that's not a large percentage of genes surviving. There are plenty<br>>of other cases where the losing tribe was wiped out to the last infant.
<br><br>Infants were among the most *likely* to be killed if you look at if from<br>the gene's view.</blockquote><div><br>
Quite so. <br>
</div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">>It looks to me like a tribe faced with a food shortage, say because the<br>>rain failed this year or whatever, would be better off just taking some
<br>>losses from starvation rather than starting a war it wasn't going to win.<br><br>Even from a rational viewpoint a weak tribe is better off<br>attacking. Because if they don't (and the ecological conditions conducive
<br>to war affect their neighbors) they *will be* attacked. With the<br>advantage of surprise, they might win</blockquote><div><br>
Surprise isn't generally a war-winner. If it was, you wouldn't want to wait for hard times to launch your surprise attack.<br>
</div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">>The author's suggested explanation was that if a tribe is sufficiently<br>>well off that a man's wife and children can survive without him, that
<br>>reduces the risk to his genes of raiding the neighbors to try to capture<br>>more women, eliminate competitors or whatever.<br><br>Hmm. Please look for this study.</blockquote><div><br>
It was on paper rather than the Internet, and many years ago, so I've no idea where to look.<br>
<br>
Wait, I think I know where I might have seen the reference: a book
called 'Demonic Males: Apes and the Origin of Human Violence'. Don't
mind the tabloid style title, it's written by a pair of serious
scholars, one of the best works on evolutionary psychology I've come
across.<br>
</div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">>3) In historical times it doesn't seem to me that there are a lot of<br>>examples supporting your theory. Rome was one of the wealthiest
<br>>civilizations around when it wiped out Carthage and invaded Gaul. The<br>>Spanish weren't exactly short of a few bob when they launched the Armada.<br>>Germany's economy was going gangbusters in 1914. Conversely, Mexico for
<br>>example is a lot poorer than the US; when was the last time Mexico went to war?<br><br>Sort out who started the wars. Being attacked will always work to get into<br>a war.</blockquote><div><br>
Most of my reading of history was awhile ago, and didn't generally
include graphs of per capita GNP of the belligerents in the years
leading up to any given war, but I definitely don't remember low or
declining GNP being correlated with starting wars. If you have data to
the contrary, by all means show it.<br>
<br>
And what about the counterexamples like Mexico and Latin America
generally, poor countries where lots of people have bad economic
prospects, and which by and large haven't been starting wars?<br>
</div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">>4) There is some empirical basis for the idea that bad economic prospects<br>
>encourage urban violence, but that doesn't mean they lead to war. Consider<br>>that once you're past the Stone Age, the decision to go to war _is not<br>>made by the common people_.<br><br>I disagree. You only have to go back to WWII for a war that the ruling
<br>classes, particularly the president, wanted to get into for some time and<br>they just could not do so because of the lack of public support. Till the<br>US was attacked of course.</blockquote><div><br>
I'll grant you that's a counterexample to my idea that the decision
isn't usually made by the common people, but it's also a counterexample
to your theory: the US had been through the Depression! By your theory,
they should have been all out to fight someone in the 1930s.<br>
</div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">>It's made by the ruling classes, who are exactly the group that will _not_<br>
>be affected by an economic downturn. Therefore, _even if your theory is<br>>correct up to this point_ we should still expect to see wars actually<br>>start for reasons unrelated to economics - and that is just what we do
<br>>observe when we look at history.<br><br>Gak. And I thought *my* model was depressing. It's bad enough to have a<br>model where you can at least see a way to stay out of wars even if you<br>can't see a way to impose women's lib on a zillion Islamic women.
</blockquote><div><br>
Well, I don't think there is a single general solution to the problem
of discouraging war - if there was, the job of the Nobel Peace Prize
committee, not to mention life itself, would be easier than it is! I
think there are lots of things that can be done that are helpful, but
no guarantees.<br>
</div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">There is another theory that too many unattached men (somehow) are the<br>cause of wars. If so, China will start a war right away. If rising income
<br>per capita keeps war mode shut off, we should see no wars with China unless<br>some other country starts one.<br>
</blockquote></div><br>
I'm inclined to think we'll see no war with China because their
leadership is calm and rational enough to realize they've more to lose
than to gain by it.<br>
<br>
- Russell<br>