<br><div><span class="gmail_quote">On 4/15/06, <b class="gmail_sendername">ben</b> <<a href="mailto:benboc@lineone.net">benboc@lineone.net</a>> wrote:</span><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
Will a combination of antibiotics be less likely to give rise to<br>antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria than using a single antibiotic?</blockquote><div><br>If the antibiotics target different essential aspects the bacteria requires to be pathogenic (
e.g. protein production, cell division, cell wall maintenance, etc.) then a multi-drug approach will be more successful.<br><br>It is easier to acquire resistance by horizontal gene transfer than it is to create de novo mutations. Many of the original antibiotic resistance genes (or a minor variant) probably in bacteria or fungi that needed those defenses long before humans started discovering and using antibiotics. Generally speaking one has to have many larger numbers of organisms to get the right set of mutations when more mutations are required. Antibiotic overuse contributes to the possibility that a bacterial strain will evolve and be selected for that has organized one a single small piece of DNA with a multi-gene antibiotic resistance set. The reason to limit antibiotic misuse or overuse is to attempt to lower the probability of such developments.
<br><br>Bacteria for the most part have relatively similar machinery and most of them have DNA repair mechanisms that make it difficult to create lots of new mutations on short notice -- millions or billions of years of evolution between competing organisms in the soil, lakes or water has a much greater chance of producing weapons and counter-weapons. Penicillin was produced by Streptococcus. Presumably the penicillin resistance genes came from a different bacterial strain competing for resources with Streptococcus. The restriction enzymes in most bacterial species which are key tools in molecular biology were evolved by bacteria as defenses against bacterial viruses. The microorganism world has lots of wars taking place.
</div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">And is this the same mechanism we see at work in multi-drug therapies<br>for viral infections?
</blockquote><div><br>Yes. HIV has relatively few genes and we are throwing weapons at several of the most important (Wikipedia has a good discussion [1]).<br><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
If antibiotic cocktails are not a good idea, why is this, exactly?</blockquote><div><br>In most cases, you identify the bacteria causing the problem (or at least species it most probably is) and prescribe the single antibiotic generally known to be successful. Only with the emergence of resistant bacterial strains (esp. in hospitals) are multi-drug approach being given more attention. I think the success with the HIV cocktail may be contributing to people considering this to be a reasonable strategy. *But* overprescribing cocktails would increase the probability that you might select for the strains which can resist more types of antibiotics. Once bacteria have acquired "essential" genes it is much harder to lose them -- particularly in the relatively nutrient rich environment that human hosts provide.
<br><br>Robert<br><br>1. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiretroviral_drug">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiretroviral_drug</a><br><br></div></div>