<br><div><span class="gmail_quote">On 4/15/06, <b class="gmail_sendername">John K Clark</b> <<a href="mailto:jonkc@att.net">jonkc@att.net</a>> wrote:</span><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
Even after 4 billion years of effort Evolution never came up with supersonic<br>flight, or plants that produce light, or a wheel you could see without a<br>microscope, or even fire. Evolution is a lousy inventor, it's just that
<br>until is stumbled upon brains it was the only inventor.</blockquote><div><br>John, can you *prove* that evolution never came up with supersonic flight? Falcons in a dive for example achieve relatively high speeds (~100 mph???). Just because we don't see it as an current characteristic in Nature
doesn't mean that it wasn't invented at some point in time (it doesn't violate any laws of physics -- it just requires very high strength materials -- perhaps lightweight bird bones coated with a spider silk fiber matrix). As there is little survival advantage associated with supersonic flight it is not surprising that it hasn't evolved -- that doesn't mean that it couldn't evolve if you created an environment which gave distinct survival advantages to creatures able to attain supersonic speeds.
<br><br>If you think about the history of the human creation of supersonic capabilities it was developed primarily to destroy other humans (or defend oneself against them)). It isn't exactly needed to kill woolly mammoths, bears, wolves, etc. for example. Spears and guns solved those problems quite well.
<br><br>It is reasonable to view the brain as an extension of "natural" evolution which in humans has the primary advantage of "lightweight" (and therefore rapid) mutation and selection. Imagination (manipulation of virtual realities) allows one to create, modify and select good ideas before one has to pay the cost (in materials and time) of the real-world testing that such ideas entail [1]. A good example would be Edison's invention of the light bulb -- according to the story he tried something like 1000 different types of filaments before he found that carbonized thread worked effectively. The invention process would have been much faster if he hadn't had to actually build the light bulbs to test the ideas. Mutation and selection (evolution) is much faster when you can do it virtually esp. if you have the means of applying selection criteria which match real-world physics and/or relatively fast computational capabilities.
<br><br>One thing that people are missing which relates to our other discussion about the development of drug resistance is the ability to simultaneously evolve along multiple vectors. It is very hard for natural evolution to realize that it has to change 3 genes simultaneously to get around the selection function imposed by the HIV "triple cocktail". To get a protein structure which is resistant to the drugs which also does its intended job may require changing multiple amino acids (and therefore DNA bases) within those genes simultaneously. Where humans have an advantage, because imagination is relatively cheap (and computer "thought" time even cheaper) is that they can follow paths which have no immediate benefit and view the entire multi-dimensional space of evolving towards a goal. For example it was realized some complex problems involving systems of linear equations (minimax problems) could be solved by proceeding along multiple sequential vectors until the best solution was found. The only problem is this doesn't work if the solution space includes optimal solutions which cannot be easily reached from the initial starting point. The Simplex Algorithm [2] was invented in 1947 to solve the "simple" cases (and natural evolution can be viewed as following a similar scheme) but it wasn't until the late '70s and '80s that the Ellipsoid Algorithm [3] and Interior Point Methods [4] provided relatively low cost methods for exploring the entire phase space of solutions. [5]
<br><br>Now, with respect to the brain and "smart drugs" one of the fundamental problems you have in communication rates is diffusion time across the synapses in the brain. Neurotransmitters are small molecules but they are larger than they probably need to be (and thus diffuse more slowly). So it would be better if you could engineer the brain to use "lightweight" neurotransmitters. NO comes to mind as a lightweight signalling molecule which the body already knows how to produce and detect (though it can cause damage to proteins). Drugs might be able to impact the quantity of specific neurotransmitters released (or increase their availability such as SSRI drugs do) but it is going to take genome engineering to change the neurotransmitters to "lightweight" (faster) molecules. You could change the signal transmission architecture completely but that would inventing a completely different electrochemical computational system.
<br><br>With respect to the learning rates of young people, you have to realize that young people have more neurons and many more synaptic connections than those who are older. The rapid learning process involves the deletion of synapses and the death of neurons which are not "useful" (
i.e. those which are exercised at some level). The learning one does as an adult is a much slower process that involves slow neuron replacement and tuning of the existing neural network (changing the relative strengths of various synaptic connections). Think of it as the difference between casting a bronze statue (molten metal assuming a crystallized state where there was nothing previously) and the finishing and polishing of the statue after you take it out of the mold. If you want to get back to the rapid state of "form" creation you have to remelt the bronze (regenerate an unpatterned neural network) and it isn't easy to do that without losing the pattern which is already present. [6]
<br><br>Robert<br><br>1. William Calvin's books have very good discussions of these concepts.<br>2. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_method">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_method</a><br>3. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoid_method">
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoid_method</a><br>4. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_point_method">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_point_method</a><br>5. For those of you unfamiliar with these terms think of it as "You are
standing at the bottom of the Grand Canyon and want to reach the
highest peak in North America -- *without* having to climb each and
every peak so you can see the next peak which is higher. The Simplex
Algorithm would result in your scaling the highest peak that was
nearest to the Grand Canyon (probably someplace in S. Nevada, perhaps somewhere in the southern
Sierras). The Elipsoid Algorithm and Interior Point methods effectively move a virtual plane through all
of the peaks in N. America until it is left touching only Mt.
McKinley. That tells you to go directly to Alaska and avoid wasting
time elsewhere.<br>6. I miss Anders. :-(<br><br></div><br></div>