<br><br><div><span class="gmail_quote">On 4/16/06, <b class="gmail_sendername">Martin Striz</b> <<a href="mailto:mstriz@gmail.com">mstriz@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</span><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
I said... "Penicillin was produced by Streptococcus."<br><br>Where are you getting this information? It is produced by Penicillium moulds.</blockquote><div><br>My very bad. I was reading the wikipedia entry on penicillin too quickly, read Staphylococcus (which I have a hard time keeping straight with Streptococcus) and entirely missed Penicillium chrysigenum (the mould) entry.
<br><br>I actually thought I knew it was a fungus that produced penicillin (which is why I checked it) so I'm going to have to do some brain rewiring to double check things when I'm doing them too quickly without sufficient coffee in the morning. :-(
<br><br>But many of the antibiotic genes are from bacteria -- tetracycline comes from streptomyces (which is a soil bacteria). Interestingly, fungi and streptomyces have rather large genomes so perhaps having a large genome gives one the extra carrying capacity for weapons to throw at other microorganisms should the need arise.
<br></div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">Penicillin binds and inhibits the transpeptidase enzyme in bacteria,<br>which prevents the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the cell
<br>wall, so the cell ruptures. The bacteria that develop resistance are<br>those that evolve new transpeptidase enzymes.</blockquote><div><br>Yep. Though they don't have to be "new" (as in completely novel) -- just sufficiently different that the penicillin doesn't inhibit the activity.
<br></div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">> > If antibiotic cocktails are not a good idea, why is this, exactly?<br>
<br>Because creating stronger selection pressures increases the rate of<br>evolution, in this case, of resistant strains.</blockquote><div><br>A nice succinct answer.<br><br>R. <br></div><br></div><br>