<br><div><span class="gmail_quote">On 5/27/06, <b class="gmail_sendername">Amara Graps</b> <<a href="mailto:amara@amara.com">amara@amara.com</a>> wrote:</span><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
1) The 'habitable zone' is close in and narrow : 0.2 to 0.5 A.U. where<br>the A.U. is the distance to the M-class main sequence star.</blockquote><div><br>Amara, as I'm sure you are aware (as should be Spike), the "habitable zone" is only a relevant concept for "primitive" life that requires a solvent (
e.g. water) to allow significantly increased probabilities that simple molecules will run into each other and form more complex molecules. (Molecular evolution occurs at a much slower pace in solids and complex molecules (at least those used by life on Earth) have much shorter lifetimes at higher temperatures). Once you have non-solvent based "life" forms the range of natural "habitable zones" expands significantly. Once you have "intelligent life" there is always a chance that they will tailor the sun, planet, or other environment suitably to sustain the temperatures they happen to prefer. There is no problem having liquid water at Pluto's distance from a star if one is willing to dedicate enough matter to attaining those temperatures.
<br><br>Given that there are many Earths in our galaxy which were probably much
older than ours it is certainly reasonable that more evolved
civilizations may use M-class star systems as fuel depots, observation
outposts, light metal manufacturing reactors, or a whole host of other
activities which we may have a hard time imagining at this time.<br><br>So discussions of the "classic" (primitive life) habitable zones should be balanced with the concept that such zones are but a small fraction of the total habitable zones in the galaxy. In fact the entire volume of the galaxy, including surrounding intergalactic space, excepting perhaps regions extremely close to stars (constant temperatures greater than the maximal melting point of most materials) or places where there is a high constant or near term future high energy radiation flux (black holes, pending supernovas, etc.) should be considered to be the real habitable zone.
<br></div><br></div>Robert<br>