<br><div><span class="gmail_quote">On 2/10/07, <b class="gmail_sendername">Keith Henson</b> <<a href="mailto:hkhenson@rogers.com">hkhenson@rogers.com</a>> wrote:</span><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
I am really annoyed at scientology distracting me at this time. In the process of writing a novel set a hundred years in the future, I had to come up with a way the energy and carbon crisis was solved. That led to notes so extensive as to almost constitute a business plan.
</blockquote><div><br>I'm not so sure there is the "energy" crisis that people
typically think there is. The U.S., Europe, Russia, China, and India
all have the technology to go nuclear. Newer reactor designs are
safer. Reactors to breed U or fuel recycling could provide a
multi-hundred year source of non-global warming electricity. Atomic
based electricity can give you hydrogen even if you don't want to go
solar. Where nanotech (or bionanotech) really helps is allowing you to
do low cost pure isotopic separation to allow inexpensive nuclear
transmutation of radioactive isotopes into stable isotopes (making the
"waste" problem disappear).<br>
<br>
The same is true with solar electric. We have the technology now to do
35+% efficient conversion and universities are being funded to push this to ~50%. What we lack is sufficient factory
production of solar panels to make the costs low enough and the
conversion process fast enough for it to happen in less than a few
decades.<br><br>While SPS are a good idea it is a much more expensive technology until you have the factories available to manufacture the required quantities of carbon nanotubes *cheaply*. For the next several decades, I would expect the costs of the factories to build the nanotubes would significantly exeed the costs of factories to build the solar electric or solar thermal cells. Interesting numbers to know would be the tons of CNT required for a space elevator vs. tons of Si+Ge+As (or CdS) required to have ground based solar cells. It is also true that for SPS you are going to need the solar cell manufacturing capacity *anyway* because going into space is only going to buy you a factor of 2-3 in solar energy availability [1].
<br>
<br>France has already shown you can go nuclear electric (if you have the political will to do so). Brazil has shown you can go ethanol fuel. Spain appears to be going in the direction of wind electric. If you look at the economic shifts that Britain and the
U.S. underwent
in WWII it is clear that emphasis could be shifted very rapidly if
there were a political commitment to do so. The "energy crisis" is is a political *leadership* problem. (If you look at recent proposals to ban incandescent bulbs entirely in CA and in state buildings in NJ you can see some law makers are starting to see the light.)
<br></div><br>If I were a VC looking at a business plan for SPS vs. ground based solar I'd want to see an analysis of the costs of building the CNT factories + space solar cell factories vs. the costs of ground based solar cell factories to accomplish converting the
U.S. totally to solar electric in 20 years.<br><br>Now, this leaves aside that the U.S. could become significantly more energy efficient than it currently is. The NY Times had a recent article comparing U.S. per capita energy consumption with Japan's and we could make a significant improvement simply becoming more energy conscious (as many European nations are).
<br><br>I stopped paying any attention to the "global warming" problem after I realized that you could solve it seemed that you could solve it simply by fertilizing the oceans [2]. So one would want to compare costs between fertilizing the oceans and pumping the CO2 from coal or gas based power plants back underground (and the costs of space elevators & SPS). As an important general rule, I would argue that any system of energy production that is based on self-replicating nanosystems (corn, switchgrass, oceanic bacteria, solar ponds + synthetic biology based bacteria) is going to be significantly cheaper than any system that does *not* rely on extremely high levels of automation to produce the required infrastructure. (And designing that automated production infrastructure usually requires a lot of human intelligence in up-front costs.)
<br><br>That *still* doesn't solve the vehicle fuel problem unless you convert all of the vehicles to electric (which we appear to have the technology to do currently but not cheaply enough to make it acceptable). Or as Brazil has shown you could convert to a sustainable fuel supply for vehicles which relies on taking carbon out of the atmosphere and returning the carbon to the atmosphere rather than on non-sustainable methods based on harvesting the resources resulting from ancient solar energy and the activity of plants and bacteria producing hydrocarbons that are now either underground or on the ocean floor.
<br><br>I would also note, that while there are clear solutions to the energy needs, and there is an argument that global warming would actually make *more* land area available for human habitation, there are less clear solutions for world hunger [3] (which is the cause of millions of deaths annually). SPS are *not* going to do anything to solve that problem unless you simultaneously intend to use all of that excess electricity to illuminate farms at night or produce synthetic food using the electricity they would provide.
<br><br>In contrast, the systems *are* already in place to take advantage of ocean fertilization because an increase in oceanic bacterial numbers translates into increased numbers of larger organisms that can be used to feed more people cheaply (we already have infrastructure to harvest the oceans which tends to sit idle due to the problem of overfishing).
<br><br>Robert<br><br></div>1. I think solar insolation is ~1300 W/m^2 above the atmosphere and more like 400-500 W/m^2 at the Earth's surface (largely because the UV and IR are aborbed). Whether you could take advantage of the UV & IR in space is an open question because more complex cell designs would probably be required.
<br>2. "Global Warming is a Red Herring" (2002)<br><a href="http://http://www.aeiveos.com:8080/%7Ebradbury/Papers/GWiaRH.html">http://www.aeiveos.com:8080/~bradbury/Papers/GWiaRH.html</a><br>(It should be updated, but it makes lays out the approach.)
<br>3. <a href="http://www.bread.org/learn/hunger-basics/hunger-facts-international.html">http://www.bread.org/learn/hunger-basics/hunger-facts-international.html</a><br>