On my blog, someone anonymous posted a long rebuttal (<a href="http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/michael/blog/?p=606#comment-102290">http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/michael/blog/?p=606#comment-102290</a>) of Kurzweil's ideas that I think some people may be interested in. Note that just because I post it doesn't mean I agree or disagree with any specific claims therein. Enjoy!
<br><br>~~~<br><p>Ray Kurzweil is an obvious crackpot. He's nothing but a much better-educated version of your typical ufologist.</p>
<p>The claims he makes about current technology are provably false, so
we shouldn't be surprised that the claims Kurzweil makes about future
technology qualify as delusional.</p>
<p>There exist so many clear-cut examples of Kurzweil's claims being
obviously and flagrant false that it's hard to choose just a few, but
one good example is Kurzweil's flagrantly false assertion that "We
understand the human ear and we have reverse engineered it," referring
to cochlear implants. This is not just wrong, it's widely known to be
wrong.<br>
Roughly 1/3 of cochlear implants work well enough for the recipients to
understand speech in cases where there isn't overlapping conversations
or ambient noise. However, even in those best-case scenarios, the
cochlear implant never works 100% of the time, and basically functions
as an aid to lip-reading. So even in the most successful cases, people
with high-functioning cochlear implants need to lip-read some of the
time to understand human speech. In another 1/3 of the cases cochlear
implants work at a low-functioning level and it's possible to
understand some speech, but music and other sounds don't come through
well. (in the best high-functioning cases, cochlear implants not only
allow the recipient to hear music, but to enjoy it.) And in 1/3 of the
cases cochear implants don't work at all.<br>
<a href="http://www.johnhorgan.org/work16.htm" rel="nofollow">www.johnhorgan.org/work16.htm</a></p>
<p>It should be emphasized that scientists do not understand why
cochlear implants work well in some recipients and don't work at all in
others. It's not the technology since the implants are identical.<br>
It should also be pointed out that whenever anyone gets a cochlear
implant, they initially go through a long period of several months in
which they perceive nothing but noise coming from the implant. The
brain gradually adjusts to the signals and eventually deciphers them
(in cases where the implant works) and over a long period of time, in
the best cases, recipients can hear not only pitch but also timbral
differences. However, cochlear implant recipients who lost their
hearing as children or as adults report that even in the best case,
cochlear implants produce input that sounds nothing like ordinary
hearing.</p>
<p>So Kurweil's claim that scientists have mapped the brain and
understand how much of it functions are provably false. Scientists have
not mapped the brain even partially. We still don't know all the
functions of (for example) the left temporal lobe. Scientists do NOT
understand how even the simplest parts of the brain, like the auditory
cortex, function — at least, not well enough to reverse-engineer them.<br>
As for nanotechnology and hard AI, those fields have run into brick
walls so complete that there's no more point in discussing those
delusions than in debating the claims of scientologists or alchemists.<br>
<a href="http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/featured_artic" rel="nofollow">http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/featured_artic</a> les/v12n02_AI_gone_awry.html</p>
<p>Science is making progress and technology has produced many
advances. But the kinds of advances Kurzweil is talking about are not
just futuristic, they belong to the realm of hallucinogenic
self-delusion like GM's nuclear powered Nucleon concept car, a robot
with human-level intelligence and manual dexterity in every home, a
personal helicopter for everyone, personal jet packs, flying cars, and
other seemingly drug-induced fantasies out of the TV kiddies' cartoon
The Jetsons.</p>
<p>Kurzweil's claims about enhancing intelligence through genetic
engineering in particular show his desperate ignorance of basic
molecular biology and population statistics and cognitive psychology.
No one knows what intelligence is or how to measure it — and the
evidence for that failure is overwhelming:</p>
<p>For most of the 20th century, intelligence was viewed as an
all-purpose, monolithic power, christened g by psychologist Charles
Spearman. Creativity was believed to be a side effect of a high level
of general intelligence - a mark of big g. The father of the
standardised-testing industry, Lewis Terman, created the Stanford-Binet
Intelligence Scale to quantify this power. He launched the longest
scientific study in history, Genetic Studies of Genius, to track the
accomplishments of highly gifted grade-school children through the
course of their lives. His hope that an impressive IQ score would augur
groundbreaking accomplishments in science and art, however, didn't pan
out. His young Termites, as he affectionately called them, did end up
earning slots at better universities and getting hired for executive
positions, often with help from Terman. They gave the world two
memorable inventions: the K ration and I Love Lucy. (Both Ancel Keys,
who perfected single-meal pouches for the US Army, and Jess
Oppenheimer, the creator of the popular TV show, were Termites.)</p>
<p>For the most part, however, real genius slipped through Terman's
net. None of his prodigies won major scientific prizes or became
important artists, while two students excluded from the study for
having insufficient test scores, William Shockley and Luis Alvarez,
went on to earn Nobels.<br>
<a href="http://www.flatrock.org.nz/topics/education/a_rage" rel="nofollow">http://www.flatrock.org.nz/topics/education/a_rage</a> _to_master.htm</p>
<p>A test that allegedly measures "intelligence" but sieves out two
future Nobel prize winners in the sciences constitutes such an
obviously grotesque failure that hardly anything else need be said on
the subject of testing for intelligence.<br>
Clearly, we can't reliably test intelligence. We don't have a ghost of
a clue what intelligence is, and we have no idea how to about figuring
out how to determine what intgelligence is.<br>
What we do know about measured IQ is that it is not correlated with
achievement or general problem-solving ability. Marilyn vos Savant, the
person with the highest recorded IQ, used to author a puzzle column for
a newspaper, and now works as an accountant for her husband's business.
Hardly a stellar record of achievement. You might expect the highest IQ
segment of the population to correlate with the admissions to the top
50 colleges or the list of Nobel Prize winners — you'd be wrong. Dead
wrong. Completely 100% wrong. Turns out a Bulgarian woman with one
ofhte highest recorded IQs can't even get a job, much less admission
into a top-50 U.S. university.</p>
<p>Nobel Prize winners tend to come from small colleges, not out of the
top 50 most prestigious colleges. Nobel Prize winners tend not to come
from the top half percent of the IQ test scorers — Richard Feynman had
measured IQ of 120, much much lower than Marilyn Vos Savant or most of
hte pople in MENSA. The delusion that we know what intelligence is, and
therefore we can build smarter computers, and that those computers will
therefore be able to build even smtarter computers, is a chain of
errors as foolish and as crazy as the chain of errors involved in
claiming that lightning bugs are produced when lightning strikes a bug.</p>
<p>We don't know what intelligence is. Even if we did know, there's no
evidence we can enhance it or replicate it. (We know perfectly well
what imgaination is — can we enhance ir or replicate it?) Even if we
could enhance or replicate intelligence in silicon, there's no evidence
at all that a smarter-than-human computer would be able to build a
computer smarter than itself (and there's a huge mountain of evidence
showing that it couldn't…just look how impossible it has been for the
smartest humans to produce computers smarter than themselves). And even
if superhumanly smart computers could produce computers smarter than
themselves, what's the evidence that they wouldn't just sit around
contemplaing beautiful paintings instead of interacting with humans? Do
really smart human spend their time explaining themselves to ants? Why
would superhumanly smart computers even bother to interact with us,
assuming they were possible — whiich is unliikley to the point of
practical impossibility?<br>
Nobel prize winners, asked about what produced their breakthroughs, do
not cite intelligence — instead, they refer to qualities like
"imagination" and "persistence." Neither Ray Kurzweil nor any molecular
geneticist has suggested or shown any method of genetically eningeering
reliable enhancements to human creativity or persistence. No one even
has any idea how to measure these qualities quantitatively, much less
genetically enhance them, or even if they can be genetically enhanced.</p>
<p>The usual kooks and cranks and flakes will of course erupt with
red-faced flatulent fury to shriek "that article from Skeptic magazine
you linked to doesn't prove anything!"</p>
<p>That's a lie.</p>
<p>Moreover, it's simple and easy to prove that it's a lie.</p>
<p>The article proves that none of the myriad claims made by AI
researchers have ever panned out, it proves that every single one of
the most prestigious current AI researchers with tenured positions as
head of the best cutting-edge AI resarch labs in the finest
universities in the world all believe "AI is brain-dead" and "AI has
hit a brick wall."<br>
The article from the Skeptic magazine cited above proves that there are
not just one, but many incredibly hard problems facing AI research —
problems so unsolvable, so refractory, so shockingly intransigent, that
no one has even been able to suggest even a hypothetical way to get
around them, much less make progress in AI and genetic engineering of
human intelligence or build Drexlerian nanotech assemblers, by solving
them. These problems include the frame problem and the combinatorial
explosion search problem for expert systems and the self-reference
problem for AI, the problem of junk DNA and the RNA world paradigm and
the really really tough problem of reverse-engineering emergent systems
for genetic engineering, and the problem of molecular stiction and
Brownian bombardment and the destruction by Brownian forces and Van Der
Waals forces and molecular folding of the paper-tape-type ecnoded
instructions required for a rod-logic atomic level computer to work and
be programmable in a general Von Neuman sense.</p>
<p>Before the kooks and cranks and flakes who deny that Kurzweil is
spouting gibberish continue with their rants, they need to do the
following:</p>
<p>[1] Show us a working AI computer program which solves the frame
problem. Not just a diagram, not just pseudo-code, not just a research
paper on how to write such a program — a working AI program that solves
the frame problem. Show us such an example, or shut up because you're
an ignorant liar.</p>
<p>[2] Show us a working automated translation program that reliably
takes in natural language and reliably spits back out idiomatic English
without grammatical or semantic errors. Not just a program that works
on 50% of the words in sentences, not something that needs huge amounts
of human intervention to work, not pseudo-code, not a white paper on
how to write such a program, but an actual working AI program. Show us
that, or shut up because you're an ignorant liar.</p>
<p>[3] An AI program that reads a novel and summarizes the book in a
book report that's accurate and succinct. Not just pseudo-code, not
just a research proposal, but an actual working program. Show us that,
or shut up, because you're an ignorant liar.</p>
<p>[4] A computer program that can listen to a piece of music and tell
us whether it's any good. In other words, a computer program that can
realiably tell the difference between randomly-generated junk and a pop
tune. Any human can tell the difference in 3 seconds, but no computer
can. Once again, don't just provide pseudo-ccde, not just a research
proposal, but an actual working program. Show us that, or shut up
because you're an ignorant liar.</p>
<p>[5] An AI program which can negotiate a labor agreement. Not just
pseudo-code, not a proposal, but an actual working program. Show us
that, or shut up because you're an ignorant liar.</p>
<p>Every single time the kooks and cranks and flakes who deny that
Kurzweil is a crackpot get asked to show any of these actual working
computer programs, they always give evasions and excuses. They
backpedal and fum-fuh and spin long-winded elaborate incoherent stories
to explain why they can't give us any evidence.<br>
In short, Kurzweil and his supporters — when asked for evidence — give
the same kind of response you get from ufologists or Bigfoot
enthusiasts or hollow earth proponents when you ask 'em for hard
evidence of their claims. They give you nothing — nothing but smoke and
mirrors, lies and bullshit, incoherent excuses and vague assertions
like "it may take many years to produce results" or "we're just
starting to reesarch these areas." The exact same kinds of vague
hand-waving you get when you confront ufologists and ask them for proof
of their wild claims.</p>
<p>As for the kooks and cranks and flakes who will claim "it's easy
enough to debunk all these claims that AI and genetic engineering to
enahnce human intelligence and nanotechnology don't work and aren't
working and never will work, but I don't have the time" — you're lying
and I can prove it.</p>
<p>If you can debunk the assertion that these technologies don't work
and haven't worked and can't work, great…do it. Do it now. Do it right
now. Give us the hard evidence that hard AI works. Give us the hard
evidence that nanotechnology works and produced operating Drexlerian
assembler. Give us the hard evidence that genetic engineering can
reliably enhance human intelligence. Give us that hard evidence that
claims about people "uploading their minds into computers" are anything
more than a foolishly ignorant delusion based on the fantasy that
Descartes' mind-body divide is actually real and that there exists some
magical intangible Platonic essence called "the mind" that's distinct
from and separable from the human body (meaning the human brain).<br>
Antonio Damasio, in his book Decartes' Error, has deep-sixed most of
the ignorant misconceptions on which hard AI is based. I.e., that there
exists some magical fluid called "mind" separate from the brain; that
human thought is primarily logical and rational rather than
emotion-based and arising from bodily states; that humans use logic to
solve problems, rather than intuition and experience; that thought
involves sequences of computations, rather than emotions; that the
brain is a mere piece of hardware for a pseudo-computer-program called
"the mind." Kurzweil and his followers seem to be aware of none of
this. They never mention Damasio's somatic-sensory hypothesis:</p>
<p>"Although I cannot tell for certain what sparked my interest in the
neural underpinnings of reason, I do know when I became convinced that
the traditional views on the nature of rationality could not be
correct. I had been advised early in life that sounds decisions came
from a cool head … I had grown up accustomed to thinking that the
mechanisms of reason existed in a separate province of the mind, where
emotion should not be allowed to intrude, and when I thought of the
brain behind that mind, I envisioned separate neural systems for reason
and emotion … But now I had before my eyes the coolest, least
emotional, intelligent human being one might imagine, and yet his
practical reason was so impaired that it produced, in the wanderings of
daily life, a succession of mistakes, a perpetual violcation of what
would be considered socially appropriate and personally advantageous.</p>
<p>I began writing this book to propose that reason may not be as pure
as most of us think it is or wish it were, that emotion and feelings
may not be intruders in the bastion of reason at all: they may be
enmeshed in its networks, for worse and for better.</p>
<p>I wrote this book as my side of a conversation with a curious,
intelligent, and wise imaginary friend, who knew little about
neuroscience but much about life … My friend was to learn about the
brain and about those mysterious things mental, and I was to gain
insights as I struggled to explain my idea of what body, brain, and
mind are about."<br>
<a href="http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/damasio/descartes." rel="nofollow">http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/damasio/descartes.</a> html</p>
<p>Kurzweil and his followers never discuss the frame problem in AI
when they blithely rhadsodize about superhumanly smart silicon
intelligences:<br>
<a href="http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Frame_Problem" rel="nofollow">www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Frame_Problem</a></p>
<p>Kurzweil and his sycophants never discuss the death of a patient in
a recent and relatively mild gene therapy attempt when they talk
blithely about genetically engineering much larger wholesale
transformations of human beings into superhumans:<br>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2000/500_gene.html" rel="nofollow">www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2000/500_gene.html</a></p>
<p>Ray Kurzweil and his toadies just ignore whole bodies of knowledge in order to further their crackpot claims.</p>
<p>Show us the hard evidence for Kurzweil's extroarindary claims or shut up.<br>
Point us to a list of peer-reviewed articles in scholarly journals
providing hard experimental evidence that these technologies do work.</p>
<p>Everything else is bullshit.<br>
Put up or shut up. Provide hard evidence that the hypothetical
technologies touted by Kurzweil actually could do what he claims they
could, or stand revealed as an ignorant crackpot and compulsive liar.</p>
<p>"Proof" means a peer-reviewed journal article by a reputable
scientists reporting verified and repeated experimental results.
Everything else is not proof.<br>
I'm not interested in anecdotes, or just-so stories, or logical
arguments, or elaborate what-if scenarios — those are the realms in
which scientologists and ufologists and other crackpots prefer to
operate.</p>
<p>Out here in the real world, we require proof before we believe a
claim…and the more extraordinary the claim, the more exotraordinary the
amount and quality of the evidence required for us to believe it.</p>
<p>Ray Kurzweil has made not just one, but many, extraordinary claims.
He claims not just that hard AI will produce human-level intelligence,
but that it'll happen soon, and go on from there to produce superhuman
levels of intelligence. Ray Kurweil claims not just that we'll be able
to simulate the human mind in silicon, but that we'll be able to upload
our minds into computers, and that it'll happen soon. Ray Kurzweil
claims not just that we'll be able to reliably genetically engineer
traits like human intelligence which all the evidence shows, if they're
heritable at all, must be polygenic and emergent, but that we'll be
able to do it soon, and to reliably produce enhanced human capabilities
that go far beyond the human, and that this genetic engineering will
not have dire side effects like, oh, say, terminal leukemia, or autism,
etc.<br>
Ray Kurzweil claims not just that we'll be able to overcome molecular
stiction and Brownian motion and the bombardment of phonons at the
atomic-level to produce working rod-logic molecular computers, but that
we'll be able to produce molecular assemblers capable of being reliably
programmed and that can tear apart any type of matter and rebuild it
into anything we like, and that this will happen soon.</p>
<p>This is tantamount not just to claiming that an evil Alien Xenu is
responsible for invivible thetans that cause all mental illness…but
that Xenu is real and the earth is flat and there's a an alchemical
secret to turning lead into gold that anyone can use (and that doesn't
involve a cyclotron) and and the earth is hollow and full of Nazis
waiting to re-emerge and start WW III and that lizard men from Zeta
Reticuli use secret underground entrances to get into the White House,
where they plot to convert us all to Rosicrucianism.</p>
<p>Sane people demand hard evidence.</p>
<p>And when you get the truly wild claims of the kind of Ray Kurzweil
has made, we demand not just hard evidnece, but a veritable mountain of
bulletproof evidence before we'll believe claims this outlandish.</p>
<p>Yet what has Ray Kurzweil and his transhumanist extropian Singularitarian followers given us?</p>
<p>Nothing. No hard evidence at all. Just a bunch of PR. Eric Drexler
has produced zero scientific research to support his claims, he's just
given a bunch of speeches and written some books. Hans Moravec has
produced no scientific research showing that his "bush robots" are
possible — he's just written some books and given some interviews.
Folks, people who only write books and give interviews about fabulous
future developments aren't scientists, they're called "science fiction
authors." Science fiction is not reality. Don't confuse the two.</p>
<p>Have transhumanist extropians like Kurzweil and Moravec and Charles
Stross and Cory Doctorow given us even the level of hard evidence in
support of their claims that we would demand to convict a single person
of murder in court?</p>
<p>Nope. They haven't even given us that. Not even that much evidence.</p>
<p>To convict someone of murder in court, we demand forensic evidence
and eyewitness testimony, not just tall tales and might-be stories and
wild guesses. How much hard forensic evidence have we seen that hard AI
will fulfill its many promises?</p>
<p>Zero.</p>
<p>How much eyewitness testimony have we heard for working Drexlerian
assemblers and mind uploading and genetic engineering that produces
superhumanly smart people?</p>
<p>None.</p>
<p>So we haven't even gotten a minimal level of hard evidence,
comparable to what you'd demand to convict someone in court of murder,
out of Ray Kurzweil and his Singularitarians, in support of their
outlandish end-of-the-world-as-we-know-it Singularity predictions.</p>
<p>Yet any sensible person would demand far more and far better
evidence than you'd demand just to convinct someone of murder, in order
to get us to believe their extraordinary transhumanist claims and
uploading minds and creating supermen from DNA tweaks.</p>
<p>After all, people commit murder every day. Murder is commonplace —
compared to mind uploading. Murder is quotidian - compared to creating
a superhumanly smart computer. We see murders all the time, we read
about them daily, we hear about them on the news. No one has ever seen
a superhumanly smart computer. No one has ever shown a person uploading
his mind into a computer. No one has ever genetically engineered a
superhumanly smart human being. And yet Ray Kurzweil and his
transhumanist Singularitarians expect us to believe their much more
fantastic claims with much LESS evidence than a sensible rational
person would demand to convict a defendant in court of the far more
ordinary and vastly more credible crime of murder.</p>
<p>Does any of this ring a bell? Does anyone smell a rat? Doesn't anyone see the scam that's going on here?</p>
<p>I want hard evidence for transhumanism and the alleged Singularity — not baseless assertions.</p>
<p>I want to see working computer programs…not just-so stories.</p>
<p>I want to see actual functioning robots that don't bang into walls
and that can recognize the difference between a dog and a
volleyball…not just wild claims.</p>
<p>I want to see a functioning AI program that does real-language
translation without appallingly stupid and shockingly obvious errors,
like turning the motto "Out of sight, out of mind," into "Blind and
insane," or mistranslating "The spirit is willing but the flesh is
weak" into "The liquor is good but the meat is rotten."</p>
<p>I want to see a working genetic engineering vector that reliably
makes a rat 200% smarter — not just the sequencing of the rat genome.</p>
<p>I want to see a working Drexlerian assembler that can rip apart a
spoon and turn it into a miniature Sterling engine. Show it to me. Let
me see it working.<br>
There are no such AI programs or robots or genetic engineering vectors or nanotech assemblers..<br>
There is no such hard evidence for Kurzweil's wild claims.</p>
<p>After 50-plus years of sustained effort by the smartest people on
earth, there has been ZERO progress in these areas. In the article
"There's Plenty Of Room at the Bottom," in 1959, physicist Richard
Feynman largely anticipated K. Eric Drexler's ideas from his 1987
Engines Of Creation. In the 50 years since Feynman gave his lecture,
we've seen zero progress in creating anything like what Feynman talked
about. No molecular machines capable of tearing apart molecules and
rebuilding 'em to spec. No Drexlerian assemblers. No programmable
virus-sized machines. No atomic-scale rod-logic computers. None. Zilch.
Zip. Diddly. Bupkiss. Nada. Zippo. Nothing.</p>
<p>Claim I'm stupid or lying?</p>
<p>Great. Show us the proof.</p>
<p>Let us see the hard evidence. Put up or shut up.</p>
<p>Pay attention, folks. Notice the scam here. Every single objection
to skeptical requests for evidence of transhumanist Singularitarian
predictions gets met with the exact same type of reasoning used by
ufologists and scientologists and Bigfoot fancier.<br>
Ufologists claim not enough research has been done on UFOS and that's
why there's no evidence for alien abductions — Ray Kurzweil claims not
enough research has been done on AI and nanotech and genetic
engineering, and that's why there's no hard evidence for superhumanly
smart computers and genetically-engineered supermen and mind uploading
and Drexlerian nanomachines that can rip apart matter at the atomic
level and rebuild it atom by atom. Exact same type of reasoning as
ufologists.<br>
Bigfoot enthusiasts claim it hasn't been long enough to give us
evidence of Bigfoot's existence, but that we'll see lots of evidence
real soon now. Ray Kurzweil makes the exact same claim — "it's early
days yet in AI research, we haven't been at it long enough to give us
proof of the inevitable triumph of superhuman hard AI"…the exact same
argument as the Bigfoot crackpots.<br>
Scientologists claim people who don't see dramatic cures for their
mental problems need to spend more money — Ray Kurzweil and the AI and
nanotch crackpots also say that we haven't seen dramatic new results
like superhumanly smart computers and mind uploading because we need to
spend more money. And, just like the Scientologists, no matter how much
money we spend on AI and nanotech, it's never enough. We always need to
spend more money. More and more and more money, and never any results.
And what's the answer to any skeptic who objects? "You need to spend
more money." Just like Scientology.<br>
Psychic "researchers" can never provide us with a definitive point at
which a sensible person can conclude "ESP is bullshit." No, they tell
us we just have to keep spending money on their fruitless experiments
that never produce results, we just have to keep supporting their
failed psychic research forever and ever, amen. Same thing with Ray
Kurzweil and his crew — they can never provide us with a single
experiment, which, if it fails, means hard AI is dead. They can never
give us a single condition under which we could conclude that
Drexlerian nanotech is a degenerating research program and must be
abandoned. No, just like the psychic crackpots, Ray Kurweil and his
crew continually demand more and more money for their failed AI
efforts, more and dead-end research with no results, forever and ever,
and no matter how unbroken the string of failures, they can never
accept any evidence as being sufficient to disprove their claims ofr
superhumanly smart computers and genetically engineered supermen and
mind uploading.</p>
<p>After 50 years of concentrated effort by the greatest geniuses on
earth, the best AI programs today still get fed a sentence like "The
astronomer married a really hot star" and STILL can't answer "What does
the word `hot' mean in that sentence?"</p>
<p>The finest AI programs today get fed a sentence like "Mary saw a
puppy in the window and wanted it," and they still can't answer the
simple question: "Which one did Mary want — the puppy, or the window?"</p>
<p>If you believe Kurzweil's bullshit and you've swallowed the
Singularitarian Kool-Aid, great — show us computer programs that can
correctly answer the above questions.</p>
<p>Otherwise, shut up, because you're spouting ignorant tripe.</p><br>-- <br>Michael Anissimov<br>Lifeboat Foundation <a href="http://lifeboat.com">http://lifeboat.com</a><br><a href="http://acceleratingfuture.com">http://acceleratingfuture.com
</a>