<div dir="ltr">At a time when important components of the transhumanist movement, including the WTA, are reconsidering their very identity and strategy, I think a few relevant contributions may be contained in the Italian Transhumanists' Manifesto, made public by the Associazione Italiana Transumanisti in the latter's Web site, at <a href="http://www.transumanisti.it" target="_blank">http://www.transumanisti.it</a> a few months ago.<br>
<br>Please note that I am solely responsible for this very quick translation, which is certainly in dire need of proof-reading, and above all of subediting by somebody who be English mother-tongue before its final publication.<br>
<br><<We. the transhumanists, have picked for us a clear and ambitious goal
since the establishment of the Associazione Italiana Transumanisti:
creating in our country the conditions for a moral and intellectual
revolution with a prometheic orientation. A revolution capable to
produce radical changes in both our everyday world and our cultural
landscape.<br><br>In particular, we should like
to see Italy and Europe as protagonists of a new phase of
technological, scientific, industrial, cultural, but also biological,
development - given that amongst our fundamental values there are
longevism, the slowing down of the aging process, the health of
citizens, and the physical and mental enhancement both of disable and
"normal" people, including beyond the limits imposed by our current
biological structure. We consider as well as a fundamental value the
self-determination of peoples and individuals, so that we do not intend
to impose our values to anybody, but simply to <i>propose</i> them. Similarly, we cannot tolerate that a different worldview be imposed upon us through force or threats.<br><br>It
is best to make it immediately clear that by publishing this <span>manifesto</span> we do
not plan to found any new political party, which the already very
fragmented Italian world of politics and politicians would hardly feel the
need for. Organised transhumanism is and remains a cross-party, plural
movement and operates with the typical tools and methods of social and
cultural movements: publishing, press releases, the organisation of
public events, boycotts, passive resistance, referendum and poll
promotion, subscription campaigns, lobbying, moral and monetary support to
deserving individuals and entities, research grants, electoral support
to specific candidates on the basis of their programs and irrespective
of their political affiliations. The purpose of this <span>manifesto</span> is
simply that of explaining more precisely the principles and the line of
the movement.<br><br>The main idea behind
transhumanim can be summarised in a single sentence: it is possible and
desirable to switch from a blind-evolution phase to a self-directed,
self-conscious evolution. We are ready to do what science makes today
possible, namely to our specific destiny in our hands. We are ready to
accept the challenges arising from the world of biotechnology,
cognitive sciences, robotics, nanotechnology, AI, taking said challenge
to a political and philosophical level, in order to give a sense and a
direction to our path. It should be noted that this project does not
have much to do with the negative and repressive forms of eugenism
preached in the XIX century and implemented in the United States, in
the Third Reich and in the social-democratic Scandinavia in the XX
century. Sterilisation of inheritable diseases is a primitive and
brutal response to a problem new technologies allow us to overcome
without affecting individual reproductive freedom. In other words, it
is grossly mystifying to identify the negative and authoritarian
eugenism of the past with the contemporary transhumanist model of
self-directed evolution, which is aimed at positively ensuring the
health and the enhancement of individuals and of their offspring while
protecting the freedom of choice and the health of our descendants.<br><br>Even
though dealing with the problem in those terms is possible today for
the first time, it would be equally wrong to see the overcoming of
current human limitations as a plan dreamed up by improvised apprentice
sorcerers. Such idea has on the contrary a solid tradition in the
history of European thought, and is suggested or reflected in the works
of thinkers of the caliber of Francis Bacon, Tommaso Campanella, Jean
Condorcet, Friedrich Nietzsche, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Leon
Trotzky, Julian Huxley, Jacques Monod, Francis Crick and Jean-François
Lyotard, just to mention a few of the best-known amongst them. Now, we
are simply bringing forward their discourse.<br><br>The
advocates of self-directed evolution, more than challenging the Nature,
intend to favour the deployment of its possibilities. The sense and the
direction we refer to are ultimately those being at the origin of our
species - which represented the emersion of more sophisticated
organisms in comparison with their immediate predecessors. This is the
reason why, if we reason in evolutionary rather than static terms, it
clearly appears that transhumanism cannot be considered as "innatural".
We are rather trying to establish a new harmony between culture and
nature. It is then hardly surprising that those who see us as dangerous
foes are primarily enemies of evolution and of knowledge - that of our
evolution as a species has been the fruit.<br><br>The
charge of hybris - arrogance, trespassing, crossing the Pillars of
Hercules - that is often brought forward against us reflects
pre-Darwinian wordviews; the transhuman cannot go against what nature
would dictate because nothing that technoscience can perform happens
out of the realm of physics and biology. In any event, a "human nature"
never existed in the first place that was not the product of a
self-domestication, of a conjugation of the "human" with the "living"
and with the "technological", and that was not therefore already, to
some extent, a self-directed evolution, albeit at an unconscious level.<br><br><u>A polymorphic, multicultural movement</u> <br><br>As
it can easily be seen from our Pantheon, the central transhumanist idea
can be coupled with different political, philosophical and religious
opinions. Accordingly, we have observed individual and groups joining
us from very different persuasions. Now, as it is easily
understandable, on one hand such diversity may be an asset in terms of
ideas and stimuli, but on the other may involve a practical paralysis,
especially when given members give priority to their existing
affiliations over their belonging to organised transhumanism. In order
to remedy such inconvenience we have engaged for years in a debate
aimed at finding a positive synthesis of different transhumanist
tendencies and philosophical propensities. In fact, this <span>manifesto</span>,
even though materially drafted by a singol person, is the final result
of long discussions with AIT members, and accordingly owes much to
several different minds (*). And while it is a <span>manifesto</span> of <i>Italian</i>
transhumanists, we do not make it a secret that we hope to contaminate
with the ideas expressed herein other organisations that are active
abroad or internationally. <br><br>In the World
Transhumanist Association, of which the Associazione Italiana
Transumanisti is the local chapter, different ideological orientation
persist, as it is appropriate for an umbrella organisation of an
explicitely apolitical and undenominational nature. The awareness
however exists that single affiliated organisations may require
stronger identities, depending on geopolitical imperatives, different
cultural heritages and their own philosophical preferences, while
adhering to general principles.<br><br>In the
transhumanist movement, there are three main areas where ideological
differences exist, both at the global and at the Italian level:
politics, religion and science. We shall discuss the outlines of those
internal differences, and then indicate how we intend to overcome them
in the framework of the Associazione Italiana Transumanisti.<br><br>As
far as politics is concerned, a recent WTA member poll shows that
transhumanists exist of any traditional political persuasions, from the
far-left wing to the far-right wing, with everything inbetween. In
terms of numbers, however, a prevalence of self-defined left-wingers
can be observed (47% in total), with a preponderance of members
identifying themselves as "socialist" or "progressive" e small fringes
of anarchists (2%) and communists (1%). The libertarians are also
numerous (20% the total percentage) with a smaller more radical
(Randian-objectivist, anarco-capitalist, minarchist) component. Members
also exist that support conservative, religious or nationalist ideas.
To give a few more data, christian democrats are around 0.5%, as are
self-defined right-wing extremists. Among WTA international membership,
14% already declares, however, to support an upwing position (neither
on the left nor on the right, but "upward"), while 11% says that they
are not interested in contemporary politics. It should also be noted
that the overwhelming majority of transhumanist support democratic
self-determination, while - a details equally interesting - critics of
democracy are spread across the entire political spectrum.<br><br>
With regard to religion, 64% of transhumanists are atheists or
agnostics, while 31% adhere to some form of spirituality or religious
persuasion. Amongst the latter, 9% are christian (protestants,
catholics and mormons), 4% are buddhists, 2% are pagans, 1% observing
jewish and 1% muslim - just to mention some well-known religious
denominations. There are also members that also in this area call
themselves as transhumanists, thus defining transhumanism itself as a
religion.<br><br>Coming to science, we have two
main propensities. On one side, we have transhumanists careful to
remain within the boundaries of official and academic science, and
accordingly inclined to consider science fiction, utopias and futurism
little more than a pastime or useful thought experiments. On the other,
there are transhumanists ready to consider possible technologies and
events yet to take place as articles of faith, only because they have
been predicted by some eminent futurists or science fiction novelists.
Those differences concern mostly subjects such as mind-uploading,
immortality, the coming of a Singularity. It appears here that 19% of
WTA members deem its discourse too oriented in a utopian, futurist and
science-fictional direction, while 8% believes on the contrary that the
WTA is too focused on short-term, uninspirational, prosaic issues. The
remaining 73% believe instead that the existing WTA approach is
sufficiently balanced in this respect. Now, this does not tell much,
until one considers how respondents interpret the WTA line. It is
therefore more significant to observe that only 7% proclaim themselves
"immortalist", that is believers in an earthly immortality. The
remaining 93% confine themselves to a much more pragmatic and realistic
stance, defining the transhumanis under this aspect in terms of
longevism, that is of extending the human lifespan and increasing life
expectancy - within the limit of the opportunities increasingly offered
by biological and physical sciences.<br><br><u>The reaction of mass-media and the most widespread biases<br><br></u>Those
data are significant, because they imply a sub-optimal communication
between the transhumanist movement and the external world. Many people
who come in contact with transhumanist ideas derive as a consequence a
wrong impression, an idea often very remote from what real
transhumanism actually is. This is true for the US movement, but even
more for European transhumanism, not to mention Italian transhumanism.<br><br>As
far as Italy is concerned, we have enjoyed a remarkable attention by
local mass media. We have been discussed by newspapers, radio and TV
broadcasts, magazines and Webzines and blogs of every cultural and
political areas. Coverage has been obtained by Italian national press,
including by <i><span>Il</span> Corriere della Sera</i>, <i>La Repubblica</i>, <i>l'Espresso</i>, <i>Panorama</i>, <i>Libero</i>, <i>Linus</i>, <i><span>Il</span> Foglio</i>, <i><span>il</span> Sole-24 Ore</i>, <i>Avvenire</i>, <i><span>Il</span> Tempo</i>, <i><span>Il</span> Secolo d'Italia</i>, <i><span>Il</span> <span>Manifesto</span></i>,
<i>MondOperaio</i>, <i>Rinascita</i>, <i>La Stampa</i>, <i>Agenda Coscioni</i>, <i>Letteratura-Tradizione</i>, <i>La Padania</i> e <i><span>Il</span> Federalismo</i>, as well as by many local organs, such as <i><span>Il</span> Giornale di Bergamo</i>, <i>La Voce di Mantova</i>, <i>La Gazzetta di Mantova</i>, <i>La
Cronaca di Mantova</i>, <i>La Libertà</i> of Piacenza, and <i>La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno</i>.
The same happened with TV networks, such as RAI 2, which devoted to our
themes a monographic documentary, "<span>Il</span> Mutante: <span>il</span> futuro postumano che
ci aspetta" (The Mutant: the Posthuman Future that Awaits Us"), while
RAI 3 broadcasted a documentary on AIT itself, "Nascita del superuomo"
(Birth of the Overman). In addition, the subject of transhumanism has
been dealt with by many Italian Web sources, such as Notizie Radicali,
Fondazione Bassetti, LibMagazine, Resistenza Laica,
Futuroprossimo, Enterprise, Fantascienza, l'Uomo Libero, Ulisse,
Bioetiche, Aprile, La Destra, Cuorelettrici, Digitalife, Indymedia,
ECplanet, Luogocomune, Punto Informatico, plus innumerable personal
blogs. By now, there are as well hundreds of books and essays in
several languages, many of which in Italian or translated in Italian,
focused on transhumanism or related thereto, for which we refer our
readers to the extensive bibliography published by our Web site at
<a href="http://www.transumanisti.it/" target="_blank">http://www.transumanisti.it</a>, probably the most complete currently
available worldwide.<br><br>In
this paper and bit blizzard, there are those who made no secret of
sharing our ideas, those who restrained themselves to mere, impartial
reporting, and those who extended criticisms and doubts. If most of
those sources presented an image substantially acceptable of our
movement, there has been no want of distortions and mystifications.
>From a page of <i><span>Il</span> Corriere della Sera</i> Francis
Fukuyama, member of the US Presidential Council on Bioethics, defined
us as the most dangerous organisation in the world. <i>Avvenire</i>,
the daily newspaper of the Council of Italian catholic bishops, did not
refrain from presenting us as dangerous extremists, sometimes far-right
extremists, sometimes far-left ones, according to what was more
expedient in the circumstances. Giuliano Ferrara, a well-known Italian
journalist and politician, from his newspaper <i><span>Il</span> Foglio</i>,
spent a great deal of ink and many vitriolic comments on us, as if we
were the swinging factor in Italian politics. The Rebecchini Foundation
even organised an anti-transhumanist conference, inviting as speakers
Mr. Fukuyama, Mr. Ferrara and Monsignor Fisichella. Marcello Veneziani
has labelled us as enemies of the human species and of religion. We do
not know whether Mr. Ratzinger is wondering whether to reactivate the
Inquisition to take care of us, but the commentaries heard sofar are
not sounding too reassuring in this respect. And attacks do not only
come from the Right. Many leftist bloggers and mainstream journalists
racked their brains in the concoction of most elaborate conspiracy
theories, presenting ourselves as a kind of Spectre or of Masonry
engaged in occult world-domination plans. <br><br>Our
ears are still tinning from such vibrant denounciations. We have been
stigmatised as "lunatic adepts of materialist futur-scientism",
"technologically advances, and spiritually putrefied, humanoids",
"biotech Talibans", "extramists of human manipulation", "advocates for
an aseptic, emotionless world", "enemies of the human species", "weird
cultists", "eugenic totalitarians", "devil's agents", "devisers of
monsters", etc.<br><br>Even though the latter
sources are not predominant, they are nevertheless very vociferous.
Thus, a resolute and clear response is required to clear away a few
negative stereotypes.<br><br>Given the
extraordinary parallelism of this situation, we are not resisting the
temptation to paraphrase the incipit of a famous XIX century <span>manifesto</span>,
that signed by Marx and Engels: there is a ghost wandering throughout
the world, the ghost of transhumanism. All the old-world powers-that-be
are have formed a coalition in a scared witch-hunting against this
ghost. Hence two consequences: transhumanism is by now recognised as a
powerful myth by world powers. Time has come that transhumanists openly
present to the world their perspective, their worldview, their
propensities, and that they oppose to the ghost stories about
transhumanism a <span>manifesto</span> of their own ideas. <br><br>The
most widespread biases are at least three, and precisely concern the
movement internal differences, that is to say that it would be sterile
to limit oneself to victimisation, blaming for them our adversaries and
bad press. Our divisions objectively play a negative role, at least as
much as they hinder a clean and unitary response to those unfounded
allegations.<br><br>1) The bias of plutocratic élitism<br><br>According
to this point of view, transhumanists would be an élite of members of
the upper middle classes, who plan to enhance themselves at a mental
and physical level, becoming immortal demigods, a new superhuman
species, in the best scenario ignoring the rest of their communities,
and in the worst aiming at enslaving them. They would do that without
openly resorting to violence, but simply working in order to have
market laws to become the only universal law. The strategy of
transhumanists would be one and the same with that of international
megacorporations and with the establishment of a world government,
which would be nothing else than a single planetary market ruled by the
US of A, the new world policeman, the new Empire.<br><br>In
this scenario, once the national health services demolished, and the
nations themselves with their welfare policies dismantled, the painless
access to power of such an evil élite would take place. If
biotechnologies are going to be expensive, and nothing suggest they are
not going to be, considering how much recostructive dental care cost
today in Italy, only the rich will be able to enhance themselves, and
accordingly what is today class struggle will become a species
struggle. And such struggle could not end otherwise than with the total
victory of the superhuman species over the weaker human species.<br><br>An
additional instrument to this goal would be the establishment of an
Orwellian State. Transhumanists would strive to persuade citizens to
take psycho-active drugs or to install underskin chips so that they
could be better controlled. In other words, they would launch new
fashions, after networked computers and mobile phones - which by the
way already allow authorities to spy and control citizens' thoughts and
movements - in order to improve this unconscious slavery. The citizen
still believes to be in a position to protect its privacy and to enjoy
secure communication by switching off computers and mobile phones and
meeting outdoor. But this is a delusion. We have already entered an era
of control and repression through new devices: a cloud of orbital
satellites, from which it is possible to read a car plate or the labial
movements of an individual; videocameras at every street corners and in
every building in the name of national security; drug treatments aimed
at creating addictions or at making people less restless, and thus more
pliant and compliant, children included; and artificial insects or
"smart dust" made of spying nanobots that can control us in any
location, including our own home. Thus, invasive and pervasive
technologies, underskin microchips or directly in the brain, would
simply represent the last stage of that Machiavelic project. And
transhumanists would be nothing else that agents at the service of the
Big Brother.<br><br>2) The bias of cultism<br><br>Transumanists
would be just a new sect, in the pursuit of the abovementioned evil
goals, also in order to replace existing religions with a new universal
cult. Essentials of this new theology would the existence of a
spiritual God whose servants would be preparing the final Coming. the
Incarnation, through the development of ever-more-sophisticated
computers and robots. When AI implementations will be infinitely more
powerful and intelligent than those currently in existence, amnd they
will be all connected in a single planetary network, the resulting
supernatural entity will enter its machinic triumph, will become
synthetic flesh, to reinstate heaven on earth. At that time, the human
beings shall be invited (or compelled) to upload their mind in the
Supercomputer, and live their life in the form of disembodied avatars,
a little like our alter egos in Second Life. Even the dead would be
resurrected in this form. And the Computer-God will probably reserve
the right to judge the dead and the alive, and to modify slightly the
most dangerous humans (Hitler, Stalin, Saddam Hussein), so that any
harm to the System forever be avoided.<br><br>This
is an eschatological event that many confuse with the Singularity, even
though the latter has no univocal definition. Then, the Computer-God
would expand in the universe, converting all matter and energy in
computation, until the entire universe or multiverse will be nothing
else than a grand computing machine. Thus, the end of being will be
reached: the absolute self-awareness of the universe.<br><br>Of
course, for atheist critics, this Computer-God is nothing else than the
God of monotheist religions under a thin technological veneer. For
christian critics, all that can only be blasphemous, unless of course
the Computer-God is the Devil itself.<br><br>3) The bias of quackery<br><br>Transhumanists,
rather than referring to official, mainstream science, would believe to
utopian, futurist, science-fiction fairy tales. The abovementioned
scenarios can be believed only by taking more than a few liberties not
just with natural sciences, but with social sciences as well. A serious
analysis must in fact take into account all the available information
and data, including feedbacks and built-in limitations, and not just
extrapolate trends from a few discoveries and inventions that would be
best in accord with one's desires and hopes. But, according to critics,
transhumanists are either naive or charlatans. They would equally
ignore science and philosophy. Thus, from the fact that the Braingate
allows to transfer electric signals from the brain to a machine, they
would hasten to conclude that, hop, all individuals will be soon
uploaded on a digital computer, thus resolving once forever the problem
of death. From the fact that the processing power of computers double
every eighteen months, according to Moore's Law, they would infer that
some kind of Singularity is not only possible, but certain and very
imminent. <br><br>Now, needless to say, there
appears a rather sharp contrast between the poll results reported
hereabove and those three biases. And there are also a few
contradictions amongst those biases: e.g., either we are a group of
charlatans, or we are a dangerous élite secretly ruling the world, we
can hardly be both. But all that happens because transhumanist fringes
more inclined to far-fetched or less plausible positions, even though
they are a minority within transhumanism, are more newsworthy. The
"crazy technomaniac plutocrat" is a more savoury character, for
traditional mass-media and blogs alike, than a citizen demanding access
to technologies, irrespective of how radical and revolutionary the
latter may be. Thus, the former image is more likely to be sticked on
transhumanists than the latter.<br><br><u>A strategy for the Italian transhumanist movement</u><br><br>We
are persuaded that it is necessary and urgent to codify the principles
and the goals of the Italian transhumanist movement in order to
communicate a cleare and sharper image of the same. This means that
choices have to be taken, a shared programme has to be defined, first
of all to clear away the three abovementioned negative biases. In
doing that we do not intend to mark a distance from the WTA and from
the global transhumanist movement. We mean exactly the opposite, that
is to make more evident those that already appear to be dominant views
within the transhumanist world, only too often hidden behind a mistaken
idea of pluralism.<br><br>It is obvious that the
first goal of transhumanism is that of favouring the scientific and
technological developments, and in that we do not depart in the least
from the line of other transhumanists and extropians in other
countries, but the <i>cultural and social conditions where such developments can or cannot take place are not a marginal or secondary problem</i>.
On the contrary, it is exactly at the level of cultural and social
engagement that the raison d'etre of our movement is deployed, given
that many other subjects are involved in those developments.<br><br>Accordingly, we have resolved to put on (digital) paper our own three main battlefields:<br>A) the struggle for access to technologies and information;<br>
B) the struggle against cultural and political clerical egemony; <br>C) the struggle for the diffusion of the technoscientific worldview.<br><br>Those
priorities, which will presently better explained, represent a
meditated synthesis of the different "souls" of the movement - i.e., a
synthesis that takes into account the substance and the weight of our
various propensities and concern. This is for us <i>transhumanism without further qualifications</i>.<br><br>A) The struggle for access to technologies and information<br><br>
If
we consider i) that the vast majority of the transhumanists identify
themselves as left-wingers or upwingers; ii) that most
non-libertarian right-wingers and religious moderates have, especially
in Italy, a communitarian orientation iii) that even libertarians in
Europe (what in Europe are called "liberals") are not prejudicially
against social and public policies in the fields of research, education
and health services - we can conclude that the bias of "plutocratic
élitism", that is the suspicion that transhumanism is an upper
middle-class conspiracy against their fellow citizens, is purely
caricatural. In other words, an image unvoluntarily diffused by a
minority of minarchists and anarco-capitalists is sticked on the entire
world movement.<br> <br>Why, we explicitely declare hereby that <i>Italian transhumanists</i> - who happen by the way to share this view with the majority of transhumanists worldwide - <i>support the efforts of all those struggling against the exclusion from current and future technologies</i>, at a social as well as at a international level.<br>
<br>The
transhumanist commitment towards technological and informational
empowerment can be summarised in three level of intervention: freedom,
development, access.<br><br>If the struggle to
obtain that increasing human and economic resources be devoted to
technoscience and research is a fundamental step, it is equally obvious
that without a real freedom of research, as defined by the scientific
method and ethos, the such fight would be futile. The resources would
be simply wasted. Our priority is therefore that of a
anti-prohibitionist fight in order to obtain the freedom for the
scientific research in all fields, plus the freedom to mutate, to
evolve, to transform one's phenotype and one's genotype. To be more
specific, the optimal employment of already meager available resources
is today seriously hindered by liberty-destroying laws such as Law no.
40/2004, dealing with procreative technologies, cloning, genetic
engineering and staminal cells research. The abrogation or radical
reform of this statute is the top specific goal of Italian
transhumanists.<br><br>At a second level, we find
the issue of development. Once obtained the liberation of prometheic
technoscientific research from religious, political and economic
hindrances, a plan must be establised to stimulate research programmes
that, with all due respect to researchers' autonomy, should not lose
sight of priorities related to the improvement of social and individual
conditions, starting from health, quality of life and life expectancy.
In this context, Italy, a relative forerunner in the field of robotics,
does not invest enough in the biotech area, starting from fundamental
biological research up to gerontology and cutting-edge medical
research. On the other hand, it is obvious that an efforts in this
direction would not make sense without a reform of the Italian research
and academic system in the sense of greater transparency, meritocracy
and efficiency.<br><br>But certainly we do not
stop here. We should not be contented with formal freedom and and
effective public support to technoscientif research programmes, we also
demand substantial freedom. Which means demanding and obtaining as well
social policies and guarantees, so that one's income does not end up
being the only parameter deciding who has the actual chance of
enhancing oneself, of slowing down aging, of postponing death. It means
popular sharing of benefits of scientific research and technological
innovation. It means a socialised access to technologies. A citizen may
be entitled to decide what to do with his or her own life, but citizens
must be supported in such choice by the community they belong to, last
but not least because it would be very myopic to be ambigous on this
point, something which would throw in the bioludite camp the mass of
the excluded.<br><br>A policy of shared access to
technology is perfectly legitimised by the collective nature of the
scientific effort. Each and every discovery, invention, innovation,
owes its existence to the joint effort of many minds, working in
different places and eras. When we were born, our community made us to
participate in its language, knowledges, information. Our personality
does not come from nihil. This is true for citizens as well as for
scientists and researchers. A quantum computer, for instance,
manufactured by an international company would not be conceivable
without the ideas of Democritus, Galileo, Leibniz and many other
thinkers. Moreover, scientific research is often directly or indirectly
financed or made possible by public funding. It would be unfair to take
money from workers' and citizens' pockets to finance research
programmes the ultimate result of which would be their social
marginalisation of most of them. The inventor and the discoverer
deserve recognition, including of a monetary nature, which may also be
necessary to make possible the private funding of their efforts, but it
is exceedingly inefficient to grant unconditional and monopolistic
proprietary rights on new technologies by the mechanical and ever more
extensive granting of patent and other protection that may vastly
exceed the abovementioned purposes and not recognise the collective
contribution behind the releval findings.<br><br>The
negative side effects of this mistaken pereception of science and
technology as a proprietary product of private efforts are very
visible. They take place in in a world where, notwithstanding any
technological progress, human beings are often still labouring the same
number of hours in more precarious contexts than their fathers and
without profiting from many results of the developments taking place.
In this we identify a flaw of current production systems which should
be corrected. <br><br>What we do not wanti is a
society where access to enhancing technologies would be decided
exclusively on the basis of personal income. We are not against private
enterprise in the field of new technologies. On the contrary, we should
like to see it encouraged and supported, by - inter alia - the adoption
of all regulatory measures required to allow the deployment of its full
potential. We have no qualms in having confidence in the market
whenever it can show better results at lower costs (may it suffice to
mention here low-cost flights and consumer electronics). It is a fact
that liberalisations often favour the consumers, including what was
once called the "proletariat" and is now more soberly defined the
"working class". <br><br>Nevertheless, our trust
in the market mechanisms is not unconditional. For us, the market is
not an article of faith, but simply a tool. More than once it has
historically appeared not to deliver the desidered results in the
appropriate timeframe. To electrify our entire country we had to wait
for a crucial State intervention. The infrastructure of our
transportation system, education system, health services, research
programmes, exist thank to the fact that the State has acted. Space
exploration and nuclear technologies have been developed through public
programmes, and most often for reasons more related to power and
prestige than to immediate monetary profit.<br><br>Hence,
whenever private businesses do not appear able to produce the necessary
efforts in the sectors that we deem strategic, of fail in delivering
the desired results, and for failure we also mean an inability to
provide the related services at affordable prices to interested
citizens, or to support adequately fundamental research in the
concerned sector, the State shall act - or the community itself,
according to cooperative models that it is exactly technology to make
possible, as is the case for Open Source software development. Or, in
any event, we are engaged to make such actions take place.<br><br>As
far as human biotechnologies are concerned, in Italy we can take a more
specific stance, since we have a public infrastructure already in place
that can be put at use for the researching, testing and deployment of
new therapies and enhancing procedures: the Servizio Sanitario
Nazionale, the Italian National Health Service. Certainly it does not
work optimally, cases of curruption and negligence exist. wastes and
nepotism are far from unheard of, but several international agencies
judge it comparatively one of the best in the world. Every time new
therapies become available that slow down aging and increase life
expectancy, if the private sector hesitates or fail or finds itself in
a position to extract excessive profits to the detriment of their
diffusion, the public intervention must guarantee that Italian
citizens may have not just a free and informed, but also real, choice
concerning their adoption. <br><br>And this is
a commitment that may well start as of now, so that disabled and senior
citizens may access the best therapies and prosthetic solutions. In
fact, interestingly, 21% of WTA members worldwide have some form of
disability, and in Italy and Europe we similarly feel the need to offer
concrete answers to all those that, even though they may have never
heard of transhumanism, may find themselves in such conditions. The
lack of resources is not an acceptable excuse, especially considering
the enormous wastes that currently denote public expenditures in our
country. <br><br>We realise that in some
countries millions of people are denied even basic health services. But
if the excluded tolerate such predicament, possibly being consoled by
the fact that common lot of humankind, that is aging and death, is
going to be their avenger, the scenario might change radically when
regenerative therapies based onm stem cell or other technologies were
to bring forward an actual rejuvenation or a significant extension of
the life span of the relevant patients. In this event, the excluded
might even entertain the idea of violent actions against those
profiting from medical advancement without concern for the destiny of
other members of their community. The desiero to own a more expensive
residence or car is not exactly as the prospective of living in good
health untile age two-hundred rather than to die not much later than
seventy owing to progressive and inexorable degeneration. The scenario
of a rebellion of the excluded should always be kept in mind in this
discussion, and requires quick and concrete preemptive responses. The
efforts aimed at spreading the access to therapies should be begin now,
so that when new, radical biotechnologies emerge a working model be
already in place. <br><br>The same approach is
applicable to the robotic, AI, and nanotech sectors. As long as private
entrepreneurs make good-quality services and products widely available
at competitive and affordable prices, public agencies and citizens may
restrict themselves to a watching role. If, on the contrary,
distortions and inefficiencies are remarked, then Italian
transhumanists shall support the idea of a direct State intervention,
even though this might end up conflicting with the intererests of
international companies and big businesses. In other terms, confidence
in the private sector, but confidence of a conditional nature. If it
does not work, it become inevitable to consider the possibility of a
socialisation of what are from the transhumanist point of view the key
sectors, namely biotechnology, robotic and nanotechnology industries,
to ensure results, popular control and social justice.<br><br>But
transhumanists are able to look beyond traditional politics. The birth
and the development of the Internet and of virtual communities
encourage to reconsider a number of issues such as the granting, the
handling and the management of technological patents, the laws on
copyright, the Open Source model, the digital and satellite
surveillance systems, and citizens' privacy. The technological
developments emphasise the inadequacy of a political class still
reasoning in terms of private vs. public or within the limited
viewpoint of nation states. It is not necessary to fall in the
temptation of anti-political populism to remark that it is a fact - but
for rare and praiseworthy exceptions - we are ruled by a class that,
also owing to its typical age and education, is far from realising the
revolutionary scope of the Internet and associates only too often the
Net just to pornography and gambling, in the hope of exorcising it or
of justifying censorship and bureaucratisation.<br><br>Now,
the fact that transhumanists do not have much to do with an Orwellian
State of censorship and pervasive control, but are inclined instead to
fight it, is quite obvious for two simple reasons. Firstly, Big Brother
was already here before the birth of the transumanist movement.
Secondly, were we amongst the supporters and creators of an Orwellian
State, why ever should we be here to discuss it? Shouldn't it be more
productive to conspire in the darkness? Let us say it loud and clear:
our public action is the most obvious and glaring proof that those who
concoct and diffuse conspiracy theories about us is grossly mistaken or
in bad faith.<br><br>Our enemies know only too
well that we are here to put in place a counteroffensive against all
attempts to reduce the freedom of peoples and citizens. And such a
counteroffensive can be put in place only through the reappropriation
of technologies, including at an individual level. If an evil global
ruling class exists, its interest is rather that of keeping peoples out
of, and far from, access to technology, know-how, and information.
Because Sir Francis Baconì's say is still valid: knowledge is power.<br><br>We
do not invite anybody to employ dangerous drugs or install underskin
chips as a matter of course. We simply maintain that attempts to escape
from technology, or to emphasise its negative potential, are naive and
counterproductive, since this means relinquishing power to others. The
trap of neoprimitivist sirens should be avoided. Those who spread the
longing for a never-existed idyllic past or the desire for an
impossible and philosophically unsound "return to Nature" weaken their
people and deliver them to slavery. We should instead learn as much as
possible, be open to the future, and accept the idea that freedom is
conquered day by day, by upgrades and updates.<br><br>The
fact that the "System" may profit from more advanced technologies is
true only in part. Everybody can see that technopyles and hackers are
often more skillful than the ruling classes and their agents. But even
admitting that ruling classes have access to better technologies, to
more advanced communication and surveillance systems, one should not
forget that know-hows, information, personal skills and motivation
still play a fundamental role. The performances of a technology also
depend on our ability to make use of it. We can see it everyday. Thus,
it may be true that "them" (both very public and possible occult
"them") may spy on "us", the people, but it is also true that they can
be similarly watched and and checked by us, exactly as technology
increases our ability to spread important data, news and information,
including through unofficial channels. Knowledge is everything,
information is everything.<br><br>The
developments of communication technology are therefore heartily
welcome, notwithstanding their many perils, because they favour the
free circulation of information and knowledge, which used to be
dominated by public and private monopolies. If with respect to tangible
assets and services we try to go beyond the traditional dichotomy
between the State and the Market, and to be flexible, we have a
decidedly more communitarian view of information and knowledge. The
difference should not be missed here between tangible assets, as real
estate or commodities, and intangible goods in the nature of
information or knowledge. While the transfer of a tangible asset from
one owner to another is a zero-sum game, in the sense that it
impoverish the first player as it enriches the second, the free
circulation of information and knowledge within a community enriches
the transferee without depriving of it the transferor. This is why we
squarely support the wide and free diffusion of information and
knowledge, an attitude which always denotes the scientific community.<br><br>In
short, our approach is denoted by strategic and value criteria that
originate from from different ideological components of transhumanism.
Those who insist on the importance of the market mechanisms and of a
free society are often extropians; tecnoprogs tend to be concerned with
social justice and State intervention; and those with a more Nietschean
or postmodern penchant are likely to emphasise the importance of
empowerment, popular sovereignty and cultural and ethnic identities.
Let us make it clear, however, that in the synthetic vision above the
centrality is lost of the three grand idols of the ideologies of the
XIX and XX centuries: the market, the State, the race. They lose their
place in the name of a higher value, self-directed evolution. And they
are made merely instrumental to that value. We cannot have any real
synthesis without an overcoming of one's past. In all sincerity, we can
do without sectarians perpetually turned backwards. We should like open
minds that look forward and are ready to put themselves into play, to
share their values, without demanding that they remain unique,
hegemonic or unchanged.<br><br>B) The struggle against cultural and political clerical egemony in Italy<br><br>As
far as religion is concerned, our current predicament is similar.
Atheists, agnostic appear to be almost 70% amongst WTA members, but one
should additionally consider that it is America that notably raise the
percentage of the minority of "believers". The rate of those who do not
adhere to metaphysical denominations and creeds is substantially higher
in Europe and in Italy, and is close to the totality of the respondents
of the WTA poll. Lastly, it should be kept in mind that pagans,
pantheists and buddhist do not believe in the personal God of
monotheist religions, so that they can be counted as well in the
category of "non-believers". Moreover, only 1% considers transhumanism
itself as a traditional "religion".<br> <br>In
this framework, it is easy to understand how groundless the prejudicial
allegation of cultism is. The factual truth has nothing to do with it.
Italian and European transhumanists are not just tolerant towards all
religions, but rather basically indifferent, if not diffident, towards
dominant religions. This indifference often translates into
free-thought activism or militantism.<br><br>It
should be stressed that such orientation has matured by itself. Given
that we were vehemently attacked by the catholic church and by
church-affiliated politicians and intellectuals since our very first
public appearances, we have attracted, like it or not, above all
atheists, agnostics or neopagans, with a generally secularist attitude.
This certainly does not mean that we intend to close our door face to
those who adhere to a church. The problem does not consist in the
metaphysical postulates that are still present in our culture, the
problem is the constant attempt to make them hegemonic, and a public
adhesion thereto substantially compulsory. The existence of the
so-called "devoted atheists" (a group of intellectuals that while not
being christian themselves adamantly support christian values, as well
as the cultural and political power of the catholic church in the
Italian society) illustrates how christian fundamentalists are not the
only one not to recognise the need for a State really independent from
clerical power, and that do not accord any preference or privilege to
any creed. <br><br>It is therefore of little
surprise that transhumanists, in this desolating landscape, has been
immediately pointed at by clericalism's advocates as a threat. And this
is why for us the material independence from religious denominations
and clerical power of public bodies and agencies and services,
especially those that are crucial for our goals, such as the school
system, the universities, the research centres, the health services,
the bioethic committees - is an absolute priority. In fact,
pragmatically, we even tend to prefer open-minded christians than
atheist advocates of clerical power and cultural hegemony. Accodingly,
the splitting line remains for us on the dichotomy
clericalism-secularism, more than on the line monotheists-atheists.<br><br>This
does not imply that profound philosophical difficulties be non-existent
that could generate worldview conflicts between transhumanism and
catholicism. It is pretty clear that we adhere to anthropological views
hardly compatible with an orthodox christian anthropology and,
especially, with that currently preached by the Vatican and by American
evangelical protestantism. If for christians the man is made in God's
image and we see, in a Nietzschean sense, the man as something which
should be overcome., it is obvious how hard will be to conjugate our
discourse with the christian narrative. The problem is not really the
embryo or the right to life, but rather the idea that the man be
allowed to change himself and the world according to its will, that he
can master its destiny brandishing his technoscience rather than
trusting in the faith and the providence. Only with a radical reform of
its dogmas catholicism could integrate itself with the development in
an evolutionary sense of man and his technologies. <br><br>For
the time being, on the other hand, it appears that the catholic church
is regressing towards premodern and fundamentalist positions rather
than reforming itself. But this is none of our business. What we care
to emphasise is the fact that the allegation of cultism is false. It is
bizarre to suspect transhumanism of religious propensities or
sectarism, let alone of a theistic nature. Transhumanism is not and
should not be defined as a religion, at least in the current meaning of
the word, even though nothing prevents one from interpreting it as an
alternative to traditional religions., or as a vision that may coexist
with some sort of religious worldview.<br><br>Even
though we are open to debate with anyone, we have to accept that for
the time being an agreement on principles with the catholic
establishment appears impossible, especially with regard to issues such
as reproductive technologies and biotechnological research. Now, some
kind of entente has been insistently promoted by a few Italian who
claim to be inspired by extropism, but appear to be closer in fact to
neoconservative sectors of the Italian and American establishment. We
do not believe that such proposal can be seriously taken into
consideration, besides not being especially in line with extropic
spirit, considering that Max More, the founder of the Extropy
Institute, never made a secret of his positions, which appear not only
secular, but squarely opposed to religious biases and and clerical
hegemony. In fact, "negotiations" cannot take place with the catholic
establishment, if anything because it makes abundantly clear that their
values are not negotiable. Negotiations imply the idea of a possible
compromise, of a mid-way meeting from different positions, but even if
we were willing to do so, whenever the other party assumes to be
indisputably and absolutely on the side of the angels and do not
envisage any kind of compromise, what would possible discussions be
about? What they demand is unconditional surrender. And we shall not
accept such a capitulation.<br><br>C) The struggle for the diffusion of the technoscientific worldview<br><br>Transhumanists
adhere to different epistemological doctrines. Amongst us, one can find
critical empiricists and rationalists, neopositivists and pragmatists,
inductivists and deductivists, realists and relativists, modernists and
postmodernists. But whatever the image of science that our member
espouse, they all share a confidence in science - in the broadest sense
of the word, as the form of knowledge that is based on logic and
experimental evidence.<br><br>There are those who
see science as a value per se and those who rather consider it as a
tool, those who enthused on its cognitive potential and those who
define it in connection with its ability to establish technologies, but
amongst transhumanists science enemies or deniers can hardly be found.
And when we say "science" we do not refer to pseudosciences, we make
reference to official, established, mainstream science accepted by the
academia and the international scientific community through
peer-reviewed work and general consent. This of course without dreaming
of denying distortions, endemic conservatorism, clientelism that may
affect the process and unduly slow down or resist the success of new
theoretical, methodological or technical breakthroughs and changes of
paradigm, especially in the academia. <br><br>The synthesis of our all our philosophical and epistemological positions goes therefore in the sense of a scientific worldview. <br><br>
If
this is the case - and considering that the leading and most
influential transhumanists work in the best universities and research
centres of the world, humanities departments included - one cannot but
be astonished by the charge of quackery that is often raised against
transhumanism. There again, we have heere an obvious communication
problem. In our view, this problem arises from the fact that
transhumanist intellectuals have often being involved in the sketching
of futurist scenarios and in the tentative extrapolation of current
trends. This activity is perfectly legitimate, but the undesirable side
effect has been that mass media tend to focus on the most curious or
sensational aspects of such speculations, rather than the serious
research projects that denote the everyday work of many transhumanists.<br><br>This
is why it is urgent to make explicit that for us the border between
science and science fiction is extremely well defined. One thing are
scientific theories, another are futurist speculations or engineering
thought experiments. Those two areas have different purposes.
Technoscientific research is aimed at elaborate, enrich and deepen our
knowledge and power on the world, while futurist speculations - which
cannot be considered as science, since they make non-verifiable, albeit
more or less plausible, hypotheses on possible future events - is
rather concerned with the mental exploration of different future
developments of the present circumstances and of other, sometimes
unexpected, factors. Without any certainty, without any faith in things
"bound to happen". <br><br>As the transhumanist
is perfectly clear on the hypothetical and speculative nature of
futurist scenarios and misunderstandings continue nevertheless to
arise, a new communication strategy should be adopted, namely by
avoiding the mixing up of far-fetched speculations in the official
transhumanist discourse. Once again, with this choice we do nothing
else than to give its due prominence to what are majority views
throughout the international transhumanist movement. <br><br>Let
us consider the controversial issue of longevism and immortalism. From
the WTA poll repeatedly mentioned therein, it appears, as already
noted, that a mere 7% of WTA members believe in the possibility of an
earthly immortality, while 93% believes in the more sober and immediate
prospective of a radical extension of our life expectancy (a trend that
is undeniably already in place) and of our species's lifespan. As a
first concrete stance, Italian transhumanists have decide to limit
drastically the rhetorics connected with the use of the world
"immortality". We do not promise immortality, nor we indicate it as an
item in our agenda. It is too far away from immediate possibilities
offered or envisaged by mainstream science. Besides, even after an
indefinite extension of our life span, many possible causes of death
would remain, from a car accident to the exhaustion of our sun's
nuclear fuel. Were humans or posthumans to quit the planet before its
doom, there are obviously no certainties that every single individual
may survive, let alone resurrect from the dead, or that a convenient
cosmology is applicable to our universe place allowing an eternal
processing of the information defining his or her identity. Let us
leave in the theologians' and novelists' camp concepts such as the
conversion of all matter in the universe into a single thinking and
divine being. <br><br>If we really should
venture in futurist speculations, the scenario would in fact seem more
plausible which is sketched in François Lyotard's <i>Moralités postmodernes</i>,
with our successors compelled to relocate in order to survive the death
of the planet Earth, but more similar to a space caravan of cyborgs and
mutants than to a godlike supercomputer containing all the conceivable
knowledge and able to expand triumphally out of the borders of our
galaxy. As stronger and more intelligent than existing human beings
they may be, the sentients of the future will inevitably remain weaker
than natural forces - which makes only more interesting and worth
living their challenge to the latter.<br>
<br>
In summary, only when a technology exists and is experimentally proved
it should become part of transhumanist immediate policies and denote
its action programmes - that are in general aimed at obtaining its
implementation and access to the same. Until then, it can only be a
working hypothesis for scientists in their laboratories or of science
fiction writers in their literary works. Transhumanists are ready to
recognise the importance of those speculations, because they help to
give sense and a direction to their action and offer a a long-term
vision allowing to frame contemporary problems in a broader, more
"cosmic" prospective. But we cannot base present policies on hypotheses
that for the time being are only theoretically feasible, such as
mind-uploading or an AI Singularity. We would deem it hardly
convenient, since it would risk to change transhumanism in a new "opium
of the people". We do not want transhumanists to ignore the struggle
for access to real or present technologies, such as IVF, cloning,
cybernetic prosthetics, artificial organs, ubiquitous broadband,
nanobots, OGMs, new sources of energy, etc., in view of a salvation or
a rapture by a future possible Computer-God, or the final defeat of
scarcity thank to the coming of the Universal Nanomolecular Assembler -
let alone without really caring of the social, political, national,
economic context in which new technologies see the light, that is of
the "when, where, why, who" of future developments, which is what makes
all the difference for real people.<br>
<br>
<u>A closure, to go back to action<br>
</u><br>
We are not deluded that, by making those three fight guidelines public,
the attacks against transhumanism will eventually cease. We expect on
the contrary that they will take new forms, equally imbibed of biases
and falsehoods. But this is not a source of concern for us, as it is
part of the dynamics of the political and cultural debate. By saying
that we should not like to indulge in self-victimisation, a stance
hardly compatible with our fierce and joyful attitude, but simply to
concede ourselves a touch of irony. Having invited the people to
diffuse knowledge, to resist censorship, to fight discrimination, we
shall now be accused of anti-System subversion. Having demanded a
non-confessional State and public life, we shall be accused of atheist
fundamentalism. Having defended the cognitive possibilities of science
and the usefulness of its applications, we shall now be accused of
naive scientism.<br>
<br>
"Scientism" has become a swearword, almost an insult, as in fact have
"irreligious" or "revolutionary". In general, both the word "atheism"
as the word "scientism" are ritually followed by some reference to the
XIX century, to imply that they have no more reason d'etre, as
outfashioned concepts. Too bad that those who would like hastily to
relegate those ideas some kind of historic dustbin, usually do that in
the name of much older and more stale ideas, as creationism or the
christian dogmas. Why, if an ideas is to be disposed of because it was
born in the XIX century, what should we do with ideas that become
widespread in Europe in the IV century? Besides, while monotheistic
religions, being based on one "Revelation" or another, cannot change,
secular philosophies evolve, adapt to times, to new knowledges, to new
feelings. Similarly, scientific worldviews have also evolved. If it
used to be "naive", meaning that it assumed science to be able to reach
certain and final theories about the world that were simply
accumulating with time, now have become critical. The adept of naive
scientism thought that science was the sole acceptable source of
knowledge and that scientific methods had to be applied to all aspects
of reality. "Critical scientism" maintains something different, namely
that several diverse forms of knowledge, but that science is a
legitimate and even preferred form of knowledge, and it is therefore
possible, albeit uncompulsory, to apply scientific methods to all
aspects of reality. <br>
<br>
Such approach respects philosophical insights, since - contrary to XIX
century scientism - they are aware that the scientific worldview itself
is a philosophy, is part of philosophy - as it is used to be the case,
by the way, before the coming of monotheism in Europe. In other words,
it has profited from postmodern and critical studies. With anti-science
postmodernism the debate may have been fierce, but exactly those
"science wars" have allowed to refine this position. As an army after
the battle may appropriate also the weapons and the insignia of the
enemy, many of those who nowadeays gives great importance to
scientific worldviews do not hesitate to qualify themselves as well in
a critical and postmodern fashion. If the acritical scientist of the
XIX century was persuaded that we can know everything, and the
sceptical of the XX century was inclined to believe that nothing could
be really known after all, such critical position simply maintains that
there are things which we can know with sufficient probability and for
all practical purposes.<br>
<br>
But, even though this might reflect once more a synthesis, namely in
the meta-science field, be it far from us the idea of applying any
prefabricated label to transhumansts in this field. On the contrary, it
is our intention to let everybody define oneself as he or she sees it
fit, as long as he or she adheres to the three agenda items defined
above and contributes to their fulfilment.<br>
<br>
Let us just conclude with a last remark, before getting back to action.
If somebody intends to go on playing the game of labelling ou movement,
let he or she be aware that rather than being accused of plutocratic
élitism, we would prefer to be considered to be advocates of
subversion; rather than being even vaguely associates with religious
cults we would prefer to be considered as atheist militants; and rather
than being accused of quackery, we prefer to be considered as adept of
scientism.<br>
<br>
Be it clear, however, that we remain always and only transhumanists.<br>
<br>
(*) This <span>manifesto</span> has been compiled by Riccardo Campa, president of
the Associazione Italiana Transumanisti. Amongst the many members of
the association who have contributed suggestions, ideas, comments, and
amendments, a special mention goes to Giuseppe Lucchini, Alberto
Masala, Giulio Prisco and Stefano Vaj. The <span>manifesto</span> has been
unanimously approved by the AIT National Board on the 11th of February,
2008.>></div>