<html><head></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div><div>On Sep 20, 2009, at 5:28 PM, Tom Nowell wrote:</div><br><blockquote type="cite"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Verdana; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "> Religious organisations were not responsible for the Dark Ages. </span></blockquote><div><br></div><div>You don't know that, we can't be certain what caused the Dark Ages, perhaps it was just a coincidence that they started at just about the same time that Christianity caught on big time in the West, perhaps not. Christianity certainly can't be blamed for the collapse of the pre-Incan Moche civilization that ruled present day Chile, Peru, and Bolivia; but it is a little odd that a South American Dark Age started at almost the same exact time as a European Dark Age. Perhaps that's a coincidence too, perhaps not. </div><br><blockquote type="cite"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Verdana; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; ">The Western European dark age following the fall of Rome was cause by invading nomadic cultures</span></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Well yea, but why did those cultures choose that time to go invading people? Probably because things weren't doing very well at home. The evidence is pretty good that somewhere near the equator a volcano erupted in the year 535 that was 10 times as powerful as the 1883 Krakatoa explosion and 4 to 5 times as large as the 1815 Tambour eruption that caused the infamous "year without a summer" in 1816 that killed many millions worldwide. And 536 was the coldest and driest year of the first millennium, that must have had an effect on human history.</div><div><br></div><div>We can't be certain what that big volcano was, but by far the best candidate is Krakatoa, made famous by it's much smaller eruption 1348 years later. The 535 eruption was absolutely enormous, it probably created the Sunda Straits and separated Java from Sumatra. This was not in the Super-volcano category by any means, but it was pretty damn big. </div><div><br></div><div> John K Clark </div><div><br></div><div><br></div></div></body></html>