<div class="gmail_quote">2012/1/3 Tom Nowell <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:nebathenemi@yahoo.co.uk">nebathenemi@yahoo.co.uk</a>></span><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div><div style="color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-family:times new roman,new york,times,serif;font-size:12pt">Actually, Holland and England had much weaker craft guilds politically, meaning they were free to adapt working practices as new technologies arose, whereas German and Italian guilds, with their strong
restrictions on who could do what work and who was allowed to subcontract slowed progress a lot.<br clear="all"></div></div></blockquote></div><br>The history of late middle-age guilds is however fascinating. <br><br>In fact, the idealised guild described by Richard A. Posner, if I am not mistaken in Overcoming the Law, is pretty persuasive, and they invented much before modern capitalism all the tricks that an antitrust authority would object to, and then some.<br>
<br>-- <br>Stefano Vaj<br>