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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">I
thought my response to this lady, posted on the Gerontology Research Forum,
might be of some interest to CCM-Lers.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">In
a message dated 6/10/2013 8:43:12 A.M. Pacific Daylight Time,
mallory.e.mclaren@gmail.com writes:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 5pt"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: #365f91; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191">I
just came home from a conference about the mechanics of aging in Baltimore and I
went in very hopeful, but left feeling frightened and shocked at the apparent
state of affairs in longevity medicine. The focus was on "nutraceuticals":
cranberries, blueberries, strawberries, cumin, and grapes. As a layperson,
I was thinking "This is horrifying. What on earth are these scientists
thinking, focusing on this stuff??!!?? If we focus on this stuff we're all
going to be in the grave before no time." This is because nutritional
changes are like rearranging deck chairs on a sinking Titanic when we're talking
about preserving life. Even a "layperson" knows that. <BR><BR>I have
a hard time marrying my excitement and faith in our future against the landscape
as it exists -- not only in our mastery of biology but in energy, space and air
transport, materials tech, overall infrastructure and urban planning. I
can only continue to do whatever I can on my end of things (law and governance)
to turn red lights green for those who have the know-how to put rubber to road
in making things like gene-changing treatments come to pass. <BR><BR>Where
was I going with any of this? One good strong cup of French press and
reading about Ferraris and gene tech compelled me to start typing. Oh
well! I think my point was that I'm having a hard time juxtaposing what
inspires me: the articles, the TedTalks, the conversations -- versus those
things that cause concern: (oftentimes) the conferences, hearing the actual
scientists talk, what I perceive to be the scientific community's lack of
urgency.<BR><BR>Does anyone out there have any words of
reassurance?<BR><BR>-Mallory McLaren<o:p></o:p></SPAN></I></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Lady, you crack me
up, you really crack me up! <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I don't
know what I find more amusing, your frantic anger that the pursuit of effective
gerontological research isn't proceeding at the pace you anticipated, or the
implied sense of outrage and entitlement that if things don't change soon, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">YOU</I> are going to die! <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I haven't had such a good hard (<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">crying</I> hard) laugh since the day before
yesterday, when an historian from a major East Coast university interviewed me
for >4 hours about the history of efforts to achieve suspended animation and
radical extension of the human life span from 1968 through the present.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">It seems I'm pretty
much a unique specimen in that regard, since almost all of my "contemporaries"
in that effort (from that period) are dead, long dead, incoherent, or otherwise
inactivated by old age. Me, I'm no miracle Methuselah, I just happened to get
involved - deeply involved - in trying to overcome aging death at the tender age
of 13. My contemporaries at that time were thus probably about the same age as
you are now. This was me in 1968:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-no-proof: yes"><IMG SRC="cid:X.MA1.1371241193@aol.com" width=233 height=470 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" DATASIZE="20849" ID="MA1.1371241193" ></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">My Science Fair
project was entitled "Suspended Animation in Plants and Animals," and the
following year, an article with this picture of this man appeared in my local
newspaper's weekly Sunday Supplement magazine section in an article entitled "<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Will We Live
Forever?</I>"<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-no-proof: yes"><IMG SRC="cid:X.MA2.1371241193@aol.com" width=238 height=340 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" DATASIZE="15331" ID="MA2.1371241193" ></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">I'm betting you have
no idea who this gentlemen was? At the time, he was one of the foremost and most
credible research gerontologists in the world. His name was Johan Bjorksten, and
he had a very clever idea about what might be the root cause of aging. He had
noticed that as organisms age, they tend to accumulate insoluble, often
pigmented matter inside their non-dividing cells. Lipofuscin, which accumulates
most prominently in brain and cardiac cells, is one such "age pigment."
Bjorksten was a chemist, in fact he was an early polymer chemist, and had
invented a number of </SPAN><A href="http://www.google.com/patents?id=4qxmAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT color=#0000ff>refinements</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> to the first
practical document duplicating device the </SPAN><A href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259209/hectograph"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT color=#0000ff>hectograph</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, which had been
invented by the Russian Mikhail Alisov, in 1869. Bjorksten determined that this
insoluble material, which could occupy as much as as 30% to 40% of the volume of
non-dividing cells in aged animals, consisted largely of cross linked molecules
of lipids and proteins. So molecularly cross<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>linked, compact and tough was this
material that it was completely resistant to digestion by trypsin and other
commonly available "digestive" biological enzymes. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">This posed a puzzle
for Bjorksten, because if no living systems could decompose this material, it
was so stable that it would necessarily remain as indigestible debris after each
organism died. Thus, the earth should be covered in such debris by now! Clearly,
this is not case, and so this implied to Bjorksten that there must, in fact, be
living organisms with specialized enzymes capable of breaking down this
material. The source of these cross links? Free radicals were a good candidate
for generating such dense, insoluble macromolecules. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">As it turns out,
Bjorksten wasn't far off the mark. Today, we know that lipofuscin and related
species are the indigestible and highly cross linked debris of old mitochondria
that have been reprocessed through the lysosomes of cells. Bjorksten thought
these cross linked molecules interfered with normal cell metabolism and possibly
acted as toxic species which caused cells to senesce. He set out to find enzymes
in nature which could reverse these cross links and thus, he thought, reverse
aging.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Whether or not
Bjorksten did indeed find the "microproteases" and "microlipases" he was looking
for remains unknown, but he did find a strain of microorganism that could digest
the age pigment from geriatric humans and animals in the form of the <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>beta hemolytic bacterium <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Bacillus cereus</I> - a ubiquitous bug
present in soil which is also the cause of <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Fried Rice Syndrome</I> - a variety of
"24-hour food poisoning" that is characterized by nausea, vomiting diarrhea and
abdominal cramping. By<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>the early
1970s, Bjorksten was optimistic he had the tools in hand to if not defeat aging,
then to dramatically prolong lifespan. Of course, Bjorksten has been dead for
many years, but his cross linkage theory of aging lives on. He clearly
identified a significant factor in the pathophysiology of aging - though whether
it is a cause or effect is still a subject of debate. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">However, the most
important points in this story are: Johan Bjorksten is dead and you have to do a
very careful search of the literature to find out who he was and what his
contributions were to experimental gerontology. He doesn't even have a Wikipedia
page! [A bibliography of Bjorksten's work is appended at the end.] <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Bjorksten, and many of his contemporaries
in both experimental and interventive gerontology were truly optimistic that
aging would be conquered in their lifetimes. And who was I, a 15 year old boy,
to disagree?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">When Steve Harris
says that aging is an incredibly complex problem, he is right. There's actually
a very easy way to tell that he is right, and that is to look around for any
non-aging or immortal mammals, or other vertebrates, for that matter. There
aren't any. <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Why is that? Well, one
cogent explanation (and probably the correct one) is that for an immortal
organism to exist it would be necessary for it to continuously maintain and
repair itself so that it remained youthful, or at least non-senescent,
indefinitely. Of course, there are a couple of problems with that.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The first is that any
such "maintenance program" would necessarily be both "costly and complex" in
evolutionary terms. Think about it, what kinds of biological, biochemical or
other processes would be required to maintain, say a brain or a heart in
indefinite good health? What <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">do </I>you
do with cross linked, let alone mis-folded proteins? What <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">is </I>required to replace one of those
brain cells (and its unique, encoded memory information) if it should die or be
destroyed? We have no idea. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">As to evolution in
the form of natural selection? Well, the critical question to ask and answer is,
"what incentive would evolution have to "develop" such complex mechanisms which
would also necessarily be <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">energy
intensive</I> (e.g., costly)? The answer would seem to be, "none." In fact,
reproduction seems to be the answer "nature" has arrived at in the face of the
ever increasing costs of maintaining individual organisms in indefinite good
health over long periods of time. The simple fact is that nature simply doesn't
do this. Instead, evolution puts precisely the amount of effort into maintaining
the health and vitality of individual organisms as is justified by the rate at
which they succumb to misadventure and macro- and
micro-predation.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The take home message
is as brutal as it is simple: somebody is going to have to create the enormously
complex maintenance and renewal procedures for complex organisms which or nature
(or god if you are mystic) had no "reason" to "write."<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">I first realized this
in my mid-teens - I understood that aging was likely to be a hugely complex set
of problems and that there was unlikely to be any elixir of youth, or any
compound or group of chemical compounds that would "solve" the aging problem.
Aging was going to be a engineering problem on the molecular, genetic, cellular
and even the organismal level, and not a "pill problem."<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-no-proof: yes"><IMG SRC="cid:X.MA3.1371241193@aol.com" border=0 width=289 height=430 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" DATASIZE="31304" ID="MA3.1371241193" ></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">So, I asked myself,
"Which is the easier problem; achieving suspended animation or conquering aging,
and which is more the stuff of unsubstantiated science fiction: an anti-aging
"immortality pill", or reversible organ cryopreservation?" As you can see from
the news clip above, my bet was on the latter. That was in 1972 when I was 17
years old. So far, that bet has been wrong. As it turns out, achieving
reversible cryopreservation of a mammalian kidney or brain is also very, very
complicated. See: <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDwQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.21cm.com%2Fpdfs%2Fcryopreservation_advances.pdf&ei=3HO7UdfCIMO-yQHes4GYCw&usg=AFQjCNEpGSqcjH23IQxcWb8BcjtrE_uwKw&sig2=-2b7-Rtatqr0_xrfztyBWg<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Probably still not as
complicated as "curing" aging, but still complicated enough that it hasn't
happened yet.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">When you
write:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">"<SPAN style="COLOR: black">I have a hard time marrying my excitement and faith in our
future against the landscape as it exists -- not only in our mastery of biology
but in energy, space and air transport, materials tech, overall infrastructure
and urban planning."</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></I></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">I don't know whether
I want to slap you, or sit down and have a good cry with you. Since neither of
those courses of action seems likely to be productive, I've chosen, instead, to
write this instructional missive.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>While I may have
been just a kid in 1968, I wasn't a moron and I did not live in a vacuum. My
<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>interests in science and coming
developments in technology was keen. I was an avid reader of classic 1950s-60s
science fiction as well as popular and “hard” science publications and books. In
1968 my country was the richest and most technologically sophisticated in the
world, and it was about to land a man on the moon, and return him safely to
earth.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>In fact, it was
about to land a number of men on the moon and recover them all safely. At that
time, the United States (US) Federal Government was funding the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration to an unprecedented degree. Not since the
Manhattan Project had so much money and effort been expended upon a scientific
undertaking.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>A world view
emerged from this effort, and it was a world view promulgated, endorsed by, and
made completely credible to the populace by the US government. That world view
was one that posited as inevitable the construction of a large, orbiting space
station, the establishment of a permanent lunar base, and the beginning of the
expansion of humanity into the solar system – and more speculatively,
beyond.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p><FONT size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>This worldview
is best summarized and most accessible today in the first half of the film
<EM><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2001: A Space
Odyssey</SPAN></EM> which premiered in 1968, the year I was becoming deeply
involved in cryonics. While the film was undeniably science fiction in its
premise of encountering extraterrestrial life, it‘s technological predictions of
what life would be like at the turn of century were universally considered
completely reasonable by far sighted and respected scientists and futurists –
even conservative ones such Dandridge Cole and Isaac
Asimov.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-no-proof: yes"><IMG SRC="cid:X.MA4.1371241193@aol.com" border=0 alt=http://wae.blogs.starnewsonline.com/files/2013/05/2001-A-Space-Odyssey2.jpg width=430 height=242 v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" DATASIZE="17521" ID="MA4.1371241193" ></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>Below is a
picture of my "cryobiology lab" taken in 1973.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p><FONT size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-no-proof: yes"><IMG SRC="cid:X.MA5.1371241193@aol.com" border=0 width=281 height=282 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_6" DATASIZE="10523" ID="MA5.1371241193" ></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>If you look
closely at the poster on the door you'll see that it is a promotional poster for
the creation of what was to become National Institute on Aging: "the broad
scientific effort to understand the nature of aging and to extend the healthy,
active years of life," The NIA was created in 1974. I'm <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">still </I>waiting for the first FDA approved
"anti-aging pill." Hell, I'm still waiting for <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">any proven </I>pill that will slow or halt
aging, FDA approved or not.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT size=3><IMG SRC="cid:X.MA6.1371241193@aol.com" border=0 width=246 height=343 v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" DATASIZE="26165" ID="MA6.1371241193" ><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>That world, then
over <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>30 years in the future, became
my model, and the model for millions of other thinking, forward-looking people,
young and old alike, for how the future would be. It was a world where space
colonization was underway, life spans had been modestly extended, human
hibernation was a reality and solid state organ cryopreservation was in use for
storing transplanted organs. It was a reassuring view of the future, and in
particular of my future, if I didn’t die before getting
there.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-no-proof: yes"><IMG SRC="cid:X.MA7.1371241193@aol.com" border=0 alt=http://www.orgonebox.org/allegoric/wp-content/gallery/creature_feature/2001_space_odyssey/2001%20Space%20Odyssey%20%2821%29.jpg width=430 height=244 v:shapes="irc_mi" DATASIZE="14384" ID="MA7.1371241193" ></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>By 1976, like
you, I was becoming uncomfortably aware that the future I expected was not
materializing at a rate consistent with the worldview in <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">2001</I>. Organ cryopreservation programs
had been abandoned in all but one facility in world, the US manned space program
was doomed, and interest in serious, interventive gerontology, let alone
meaningful research, was nil.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>The money and
intellectual resources required to achieve these goals had been redirected to an
endless series of wars, first in Vietnam and later in the Middle East and East,
as well as a succession of botched and unsuccessful programs to end poverty in
the US (the Great Society), cure cancer, and deal with longstanding mishandling
of the environment. The spending spree of the latter days of the Cold War
bankrupted the Soviet Union and, in truth, bankrupted the West, as well. The
focus of the planet‘s population was on protecting itself against bogeymen of
its own making and it spent and spent maniacally to create weapons systems of
vast lethality and ever increasing complexity.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-no-proof: yes"><IMG SRC="cid:X.MA8.1371241193@aol.com" border=0 alt=http://i293.photobucket.com/albums/mm55/mikedarwin1967/Cryofail-9.jpg width=490 height=367 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" DATASIZE="38657" ID="MA8.1371241193" ></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>So, sometime in
late in 1976 I wrote out a timeline of milestones that I thought would be
necessary if I were to survive. This was a simple list of critical achievements
with the dates by which they must be accomplished alongside them. It took a
conservative and probably all too unfortunately realistic prediction, of the
likely arc of my productive life which is shown in the image
above.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>While it has
proved a more accurate road map than my naive first imaginings of my future, it
too has fallen short and has proven flawed, perhaps fatally flawed. Since I was
not then, nor am I now, either poorly informed about cryonics or lacking in real
world experience in its practice, I suggest you might want to pay careful
attention to what went wrong with this very conservative timeline, because it
very likely has important implications for your future as
well.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>Whether you
believe that it will ever be feasible to "cure frostbite," or to cure cancer,
for that matter, you still can't escape from the question of which is more
likely to save your life; basic research in gerontology, or basic research in
cryobiology that enables truly reversible cryopreservation of the brain? The
latter will provide a kind of one way "medical time travel." It may be your only
chance at an indefinitely long and healthy life.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>For<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>myself, I think that a combination of
efforts in both cryobiology and interventive gerontology is likely to be the
most productive for healthy, reasonably young individuals (say, 40 and younger).
Fetal stem cells are now understood to colonize the mother and to be capable of
providing regenerative rescue if non-dividing cells in the maternal heart or
brain are injured during pregnancy. Indeed, fetal-maternal stem colonization
occurs even in the case of surrogacy where there is no genetic relationship
between the fetus and the mother! This suggests that "third party" embryonic
stem cells may be used to achieve critical cellular repair in aged and injured
organs and organisms.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>Take a good long
look at this paper: <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Transplantation of
mesenchymal stem cells from young donors delays aging in mice </I>which is
available as free full-text here:<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><FONT size=3>http://www.nature.com/srep/2011/110818/srep00067/full/srep00067.html<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The purpose of this
research was to treat osteoporosis in old mice. It not only ameliorated
osteoporosis, it markedly extended the life span's of already aged mice,
including the maximum life span of the animals. This suggests that there may be
a way to adapt or hijack existing tissue and organ repair and regeneration
mechanisms that were developed by evolution not to counter aging, but rather to
create new multicellular organisms in the first place (via
embryogenesis/reproduction). See:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Chan WF, Gurnot C,
Montine TJ, Sonnen JA, Guthrie KA, Nelson JL. Male microchimerism in the human
female brain. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45592. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045592.
Epub 2012 Sep 26. PubMed PMID: 23049819; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC3458919.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Kara RJ, Bolli P,
Matsunaga I, Tanweer O, Altman P, Chaudhry HW. A mouse model for fetal maternal
stem cell transfer during ischemic cardiac injury. Clin Transl Sci. 2012
Aug;5(4):321-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2012.00424.x. Epub 2012 Jun 18. PubMed
PMID: 22883609; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3419501.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Pritchard S, Bianchi
DW. Fetal cell microchimerism in the maternal heart: baby gives back. Circ Res.
2012 Jan 6;110(1):3-5. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.260299. PubMed PMID:
22223204.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Lim GB. Stem cells:
Do fetal cells repair maternal hearts? Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011 Dec 6;9(2):67. doi:
10.1038/nrcardio.2011.197. PubMed PMID: 22143081.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Kara RJ, Bolli P,
Karakikes I, Matsunaga I, Tripodi J, Tanweer O, Altman P, Shachter NS, Nakano A,
Najfeld V, Chaudhry HW. Fetal cells traffic to injured maternal myocardium and
undergo cardiac differentiation. Circ Res. 2012 Jan 6;110(1):82-93. doi:
10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.249037. Epub 2011 Nov 14. PubMed PMID: 22082491; PubMed
Central PMCID: PMC3365532.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">There is also rapidly
growing understanding about the nature of aging in the vascular endothelium and
with it, emerging possibilities for greatly slowing it. The uncoupling of nitric
oxide synthase (both endothelial and neuronal) and the accompanying injury from
superoxide production, as well as disrupted signal transduction has been traced
to the Rho/Rho-kinase, or ROCK pathway, and the ROCK inhibitor drug, Fasudil, is
already on the market in Europe. Similarly, the 5-PDE inhibitors, now used to
treat erectile dysfunction and primary pulmonary hypertension have been found to
reverse some age associated changes in the vascular endothelium as well as to
induce the bone marrow to release endothelial stem cells. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">When Steve Harris
writes that "You lose 100,000 neurons a day, and there's nothing you can do
about it, apparently," he is articulating what has been our understanding of
aging in the brain, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">until very
recently</I>. Recent research seems to indicate that there is not a great deal
of neuronal loss during aging of the human brain, but rather that there is
neuronal cell atrophy with loss or arborization. See:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Alme MN, Wibrand K,
Dagestad G, Bramham CR. Chronic fluoxetine treatment induces brain
region-specific upregulation of genes associated with BDNF-induced long-term
potentiation. Neural Plast. 2007;2007:26496. doi: 10.1155/2007/26496. PubMed
PMID: 18301726; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2248427.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">De Foubert G, Carney
SL, Robinson CS, Destexhe EJ, Tomlinson R, Hicks CA, Murray TK, Gaillard JP,
Deville C, Xhenseval V, Thomas CE, O'Neill MJ, Zetterström TS.
Fluoxetine-induced change in rat brain expression of brain-derived neurotrophic
factor varies depending on length of treatment. Neuroscience.
2004;128(3):597-604. PubMed PMID: 15381288.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Khundakar AA,
Zetterström TS. Biphasic change in BDNF gene expression following antidepressant
drug treatment explained by differential transcript regulation. Brain Res. 2006
Aug 23;1106(1):12-20. Epub 2006 Jul 13. PubMed PMID:
16842762.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Pei Q, Zetterström
TS, Sprakes M, Tordera R, Sharp T. Antidepressant drug treatment induces Arc
gene expression in the rat brain. Neuroscience. 2003;121(4):975-82. PubMed PMID:
14580947.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Burke SN, Barnes CA.
Neural plasticity in the ageing brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Jan;7(1):30-40.
Review. PubMed PMID: 16371948. Fabricius K, Jacobsen JS, Pakkenberg B. Effect of
age on neocortical brain cells in 90+ year old human females--a cell counting
study. Neurobiol Aging. 2013 Jan;34(1):91-9. doi:
10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.009. Epub 2012 Aug 9. PubMed PMID:
22878165.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Freeman SH, Kandel R,
Cruz L, Rozkalne A, Newell K, Frosch MP, Hedley-Whyte ET, Locascio JJ, Lipsitz
LA, Hyman BT. Preservation of neuronal number despite age-related cortical brain
atrophy in elderly subjects without Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol.
2008 Dec;67(12):1205-12. doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e31818fc72f. PubMed PMID:
19018241; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2734185.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Terry RD, DeTeresa R,
Hansen LA. Neocortical cell counts in normal human adult aging. Ann Neurol. 1987
Jun;21(6):530-9. PubMed PMID: 3606042.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In other words, the neurons are still
there, but they are disabled and quiescent. This is similar to what is seen in
both bipolar and major depressive disorder. Importantly, these changes can be
reversed in animals using molecules such as brain derived nerve growth factor
(BDNGF). See:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Weissmiller AM, Wu C.
Current advances in using neurotrophic factors to treat neurodegenerative
disorders. Transl Neurodegener. 2012 Jul 26;1(1):14. doi:
10.1186/2047-9158-1-14. PubMed PMID: 23210531; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC3542569.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Nagahara AH, Bernot
T, Moseanko R, Brignolo L, Blesch A, Conner JM, Ramirez A, Gasmi M, Tuszynski
MH. Long-term reversal of cholinergic neuronal decline in aged non-human
primates by lentiviral NGF gene delivery. Exp Neurol. 2009 Jan;215(1):153-9.
doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.10.004. Epub 2008 Oct 25. PubMed PMID: 19013154;
PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2632603.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Bishop KM, Hofer EK,
Mehta A, Ramirez A, Sun L, Tuszynski M, Bartus RT.Therapeutic potential of
CERE-110 (AAV2-NGF): targeted, stable, and sustained NGF delivery and trophic
activity on rodent basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Exp Neurol. 2008
un;211(2):574-84. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.03.004. Epub 2008 Mar 19. PubMed
PMID: 18439998; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2709503.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Capsoni S, Giannotta
S, Cattaneo A. Nerve growth factor and galantamine ameliorate early signs of
neurodegeneration in anti-nerve growth factor mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2002 Sep 17;99(19):12432-7. Epub 2002 Aug 30. PubMed PMID: 12205295; PubMed
Central PMCID: PMC129462.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Cooper JD, Salehi A,
Delcroix JD, Howe CL, Belichenko PV, Chua-Couzens J, Kilbridge JF, Carlson EJ,
Epstein CJ, Mobley WC. Failed retrograde transport of NGF in a mouse model of
Down's syndrome: reversal of cholinergic neurodegenerative phenotypes following
NGF infusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Aug 28;98(18):10439-44. Epub 2001
Aug 14. PubMed PMID: 11504920; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC56979.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Conner JM, Darracq
MA, Roberts J, Tuszynski MH. Nontropic actions of neurotrophins: subcortical
nerve growth factor gene delivery reverses age-related degeneration of primate
cortical cholinergic innervation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A. 2001 Feb 13;98(4):1941-6. PubMed PMID:
11172055; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC29361.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Synthetic BDNF mimetics have recently
been made which cross the blood brain barrier and reverse age related changes in
the neurons of animals and it has also been discovered that antidepressants work
by acutely increasing trkB signaling in the brain which in turn results in
up-regulated BDNF production in the cerebral cortex.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Alme MN, Wibrand K,
Dagestad G, Bramham CR. Chronic fluoxetine treatment induces brain
region-specific upregulation of genes associated with BDNF-induced <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>long-term potentiation. Neural Plast.
2007;2007:26496. doi: 10.1155/2007/26496.PubMed PMID: 18301726; PubMed Central
PMCID: PMC2248427.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">De Foubert G, Carney
SL, Robinson CS, Destexhe EJ, Tomlinson R, Hicks CA, Murray TK, Gaillard JP,
Deville C, Xhenseval V, Thomas CE, O'Neill MJ, Zetterström TS.
Fluoxetine-induced change in rat brain expression of brain-derived neurotrophic
factor varies depending on length of treatment. Neuroscience.
2004;128(3):597-604. PubMed PMID: 15381288.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Khundakar AA,
Zetterström TS. Biphasic change in BDNF gene expression following antidepressant
drug treatment explained by differential transcriptregula tion. Brain Res. 2006
Aug 23;1106(1):12-20. Epub 2006 Jul 13. PubMed PMID:
16842762.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Pei Q, Zetterström
TS, Sprakes M, Tordera R, Sharp T. Antidepressant drug treatment induces Arc
gene expression in the rat brain. Neuroscience. 2003;121(4):975-82. PubMed PMID:
14580947. I've written an extensive summary here: <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://chronopause.com/index.php/2011/05/30/going-going-gone/
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://chronopause.com/index.php/2011/05/31/going-going-gone%E2%80%A6-part-2/<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://chronopause.com/index.php/2011/05/31/going-going-gone-part-3/<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">These are hopeful
developments, and they strongly suggest the direction and nature in which
effective,<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> near term</I> interventive
gerontological research should proceed. But they don't by any means constitute
any foreseeable solution to the problems of aging and death. Not for me, and not
for you, either. Any such solution will require the perfection of suspended
animation, as well as huge, complex advances in gerontology.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Most importantly,
these developments are not "technological inevitabilities." In fact, they are
technological unlikelihood's unless and until individuals take action to fight
the floodtide of human efforts and desires which run contrary to these
achievements. </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black"><FONT size=3>(See:
</FONT><A title=http://chronopause.com/index.php/2011/02/07/67/ href="http://chronopause.com/index.php/2011/02/07/67/"><FONT color=#0000ff size=3>http://chronopause.com/index.php/2011/02/07/67/</FONT></A><FONT size=3>)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The take home message
is that even if you do everything you can do to advance "aging research"<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>you are still going to end up dead -
just like Johan Bjorksten and all the other dead
gerontologists.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">So,
what are you going to do about it?</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black"><A title=http://chronopause.com/index.php/2011/04/04/michael-g-darwin-a-biographical-precis/ href="http://chronopause.com/index.php/2011/04/04/michael-g-darwin-a-biographical-precis/"><FONT color=#0000ff size=3>http://chronopause.com/index.php/2011/04/04/michael-g-darwin-a-biographical-precis/</FONT></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-no-proof: yes"><IMG SRC="cid:X.MA9.1371241193@aol.com" border=0 width=337 height=406 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_8" DATASIZE="13923" ID="MA9.1371241193" ></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><U><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Bjorksten
Bibliography</SPAN></U><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1:
Bjorksten J, Tenhu H. The crosslinking theory of aging--added evidence.
ExpGerontol. 1990;25(2):91-5. PubMed PMID: 2115005.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2:
Bjorksten J. The role of aluminum and age-dependent decline. Environ Health
Perspect. 1989 May;81:241-2. PubMed PMID: 2759061; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC1567539.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3:
Bjorksten JA. Dietary aluminum and Alzheimer's disease. Sci Total Environ. 1982
Sep;25(1):81-6. PubMed PMID: 7146892.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4:
Bjorksten JA. Aluminum as a cause of senile dementia. Compr There. 1982
May;8(5):73-6. PubMed PMID: 7094562.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">5:
Bjorksten J. Selenium in nutrition. Compr There. 1981 Jul;7(7):35-8. Review.
PubMed PMID: 7026153.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">6:
Bjorksten J. A unifying concept for degenerative diseases. Compr There. 1978
Jan;4(1):44-52. PubMed PMID: 620512.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">7:
Bjorksten J. Some therapeutic implications of the crosslinkage theory of aging.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1977;86B:579-602. Review. PubMed PMID:
333873.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">8:
Bjorksten J. The crosslinkage theory of aging: clinical implications. Compr
There. 1976 Feb;2(2):65-74. PubMed PMID: 1253543.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">9:
Bjorksten J, Bloodworth JM Jr, Buetow R. Enzymatic lysis in vitro of hyalin
deposits in human kidney. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1972 Apr;20(4):148-50. PubMed PMID:
4111563.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">10:
Bjorksten J, Acharya PV, Ashman S, Wetlaufer DB. Gerogenic fractions in the
tritiated rat. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1971 Jul;19(7):561-74. PubMed PMID:
5106728.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">11:
Bjorksten J. Approaches and prospects for the control of age-dependent
deterioration. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1971 Jun 7;184:95-102. PubMed PMID:
5286667.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">12:
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