<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:large;color:#0b5394"></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div><div><div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:2px blue solid;padding-left:1ex"><div><div style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:large;color:#0b5394">We are born human. This is our group and we try to stay in it, most of us, support our group, and try to love our fellow humans. We also try to contribute to it and improve it in some ways. The least we can do is use our talents to do our duty to ourselves, our families, and ultimately our race.</div>
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<br></div><div style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:large;color:rgb(11,83,148);display:inline">In the law a duty is paired with a right. Society has a right to expect us to perform as above - to do our duties.<br>
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I think that "He was a dutiful person" is a great epitaph. bill</div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>In ethics duties are what you ought to do. Depending on moral system they may be all over the place, but once you decided that system X is true, it follows logically that you ought to do (or not do) certain things. And you should want to do this, since the whole idea of morality is that it is about what is good to do. In practice we are of course psychologically not terribly good at this, so the epitaph is a good one.</div>
<div><br></div><div>I am not convinced that "society has a right" makes sense from an ethical perspective. Society is not a moral agent. If I do not vote I might be remiss in my democratic duties, but there doesn't seem to be an entity that could feel *morally* infringed upon in the same way as if I did not repay a loan. Sometimes we have a moral duty to not do a social duty, for example not obeying or enforcing unjust laws. This of course goes back to the question of what the heck the social contract actually is, whether groups can be said to be morally relevant entities and the sticky question of what a right really is.</div>
<div><br></div><div>Do we have moral duties to our species? A lot of the utilitarians and consequentialists around here think so. To them happiness and well-being (suitably defined) is the ultimate value, and the more the better. This makes existential risk something very bad since it cuts off nearly all future value, and making sure (post)humanity spreads and thrives is a way of getting way more value into the universe. Yes, aliens, animals and maybe AIs count too: it is a very general duty to make value-holding life spread and thrive rather than just humans.</div>
<div><br></div><div>I think one can make a Kantian version of this by arguing that moral agents have value (being ends rather than means) and that we have a duty to help them. We should act to preserve our species since this is a self-consistent moral maxim. But it is less clear that this leads to duties to help enhance humanity, since this kind of value is rather binary. </div>
<div><br></div>Besides the duties there are the virtues. A virtue ethicist may culture the virtue of caring about humans and helping them evolve. </div></blockquote><div><br><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:large;color:rgb(11,83,148);display:inline">
Abstractions are just words we give to observations we make. I am not one to argue ontology with a philosopher. Whether 'right' or 'duty' has an existence in an ontological sense plays second fiddle in my thinking. As a psychologist I just look at what people do. People overwhelmingly conform to many of their family's expectations, to their religion's, to their profession's, and to society's. In fact if they do not they earn a psychiatric designation: asocial or antisocial, or perhaps just 'nut'.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:large;color:rgb(11,83,148);display:inline"> So, in effect we act as if humanity has legitimate expectations of us and we mostly act accordingly. A person may contribute nothing to the advancement of humanity but at least doesn't impede it by their nonconformity.<br>
<br>Our personal morality and society's expectations often conflict as Anders notes, and society's expectations are sometimes just morally abhorrent (the pressure to be a good Nazi, for example). <br><br>"As if...." is a deep thought. Our minds are mostly metaphor machines.<br>
<br>bill</div></div>
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<div><div><div><div style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:large;color:rgb(11,83,148);display:inline"></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div><br>Anders Sandberg, Future of Humanity Institute Philosophy Faculty of Oxford University<br>
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