<html><head></head><body><div><span data-mailaddress="jukka.liukkonen@iki.fi" data-contactname="Jukka Liukkonen" class="clickable"><span title="jukka.liukkonen@iki.fi">Jukka Liukkonen</span><span class="detail"> <jukka.liukkonen@iki.fi></span></span> , 14/9/2014 8:24 AM:</div><blockquote class="mori" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-color: blue; border-left-style: solid; padding-left: 1ex;">I wonder how large portions of a human body could be removed and it could still function somewhat normally.</blockquote><div><br></div>Thinking of how to make lightweight astronauts?<div><br></div><div>Depends on what you mean by "function". Remaining alive, being able to post to the Internet, or making omelette? And how much external tech is allowed?<div><br></div><div>People can live good lives without their limbs. Gall bladders are not necessary, in older people the thymus gland is already rather non-functional (in fact, a whole slew of glands can be replaced with external hormones).</div><div><br></div><div>Parenteral nutrition can keep people alive intravenously without a functioning gastrointestinal tract. Dialysis is worse than kidneys, but works. I think there are a few permanent skin substitutes, but none of them is very good. There are heart-lung machines replacing that part of the cardiopulmonary system. Bone replacements exist. People with paralysing syndromes can communicate using brain-computer interfaces if they are inserted early enough. </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br><blockquote class="mori" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-color: blue; border-left-style: solid; padding-left: 1ex;"></blockquote>Anders Sandberg,
Future of Humanity Institute
Philosophy Faculty of Oxford University<br><br><br></div></div></body></html>