<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Dec 15, 2015 at 7:16 PM, Will Steinberg <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:steinberg.will@gmail.com" target="_blank">steinberg.will@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><p dir="ltr">It's tough too because substances like these, particularly psychedelics, are anathema to the typical research setting such as a lab or hospital. Staying in one place or answering "normal" questions on LSD becomes anxiety- or terror-producing. But it's hardly scientific to say "take these drops and go do whatever, and let me know how it went."</p>
<p dir="ltr">I think this raises an important question that I believe arises in the minds of many scientists on psychedelics when they inevitably think about the scientific study of psychedelics: is there a different route of analysis than science that can collect information on this stuff better?</p>
<p dir="ltr">I think it's very possible that science isn't always, or even isn't usually, the best way to study psychedelics. So what's a better option? Spiritualists and theologers throughout history have performed their own "studies" parallel to science.</p>
<p dir="ltr">I don't really believe that science needs to be replaced or given an alternate method of inquiry. However, I think it's definitely true that current science needs augmentation. This is becoming and will become more apparent as we study cosmology, relativity, and quantum physics more deeply. It's already happening--we're more and more quickly approaching a time where science doesn't have the grammar to study the new questions it has unearthed.</p>
<p dir="ltr">So what needs adding? More fuzzy logic? I have no clue.</p>
</blockquote></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br></div>I agree we should aim to think about it more as an expansion of science than a replacement. I am always somewhat wary of framing things as a "shortcoming" of science, because this usually promotes a no-holds-barred dogpile of speculation and unsubstantiated claims.<br>
</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br></div><div class="gmail_extra">I'm interested in what specific cases you find need augmentation though. At first glance, I felt like I agreed, but upon closer inspection I'm less sure. It's not scientific to take drops and do whatever, but such a setup is pretty close to a case study, already within the realm of science. A slight modification to your procedure by doing repeated trials, monitoring them via camera (though perhaps not good for the paranoia aspect of some hallucinogens), or randomizing a placebo puts you in position to understand things much better. Add EEGs or whatever brain scan you can make mobile and you could collect even more firm data. If you define science as RCTs, you're pretty much there with a few modifications; but if you define science as forming hypotheses and then testing and refining them through whatever measures are most realistic, then it's science from the beginning, and is just low on the 1d quality line until you put things on a more rigorous footing.</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br></div><div class="gmail_extra">Similarly, cosmology and quantum physics seem to be slowly producing the necessary grammars for study as they clear new ground. (I don't know of any parts of relativity that are outside science.) The anthropic principle has been around for decades in cosmology, and quantum physics has been having issues with what is meant by an "observer" for almost a century. Despite <a href="https://drive.google.com/a/brown.edu/file/d/0BzQW60Ti0VX0Y2Q2OXZfWkdKS2M/view">substantial griping</a> about how (some versions of) these things are scientifically ill-defined and how reflectivity issues may put them out of the realm of science, we seem to be slowly enveloping them in the fold and growing our grammar to accommodate them. Anthropic considerations are <a href="https://drive.google.com/a/brown.edu/file/d/0BzQW60Ti0VX0XzcxV1o1YVFORzQ/view">being added to decision theory</a>, while the need for defined observers is even potentially absolved completely by <a href="https://drive.google.com/a/brown.edu/file/d/0BzQW60Ti0VX0eVJvVmd3MWFTRWM/view">this use of anthropics</a>.</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br></div><div class="gmail_extra">I do realize that sometimes people think too narrowly about what should be contained under the umbrella of science, envisioning gold standards of pristine white lab conditions and deterministic equations. However, the broader, dirty version of science, more along the lines of<br>1. collecting data from the world while adjusting for confounders and extracting relevant signal as best one can;</div><div class="gmail_extra">2. determining what that data implies about how the world works using the best heuristical versions of Bayesian reasoning;</div><div class="gmail_extra">seems like it primarily covers all of the cases you mention.</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br></div><div class="gmail_extra">Are there other cases that request augmentations to science more forcefully, which I am not thinking of?</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br></div><div class="gmail_extra">Connor</div></div>