<div dir="ltr"><br><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Mar 29, 2016 at 8:02 AM, Robin D Hanson <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:rhanson@gmu.edu" target="_blank">rhanson@gmu.edu</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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What is the evidence that one merely needs to model the cortex well to have a machine that can do most jobs as well or better than humans?</div><span>
<div><br></div></span></div></blockquote><div>### You need more than the cortex model to do everything a human does but a cortex model should suffice for all the intelligent, non-automatic actions. Walking, simple emotions, basic sensor signal processing, manual dexterity require a lot of non-cortical activity. The stuff of intelligence, such as hierarchies of cognitive representations or libraries of high-level behavior templates, are largely contained in the cortex.</div><div><br></div><div>I would list the following lines of evidence in favor of the cortex being the seat of general human intelligence:</div><div><br></div><div>1. Lesion studies in humans and animals</div><div>2. Functional correlate studies in humans and animals</div><div>3. Comparative anatomy of humans and primates</div><div>4. Genetics of humans and primates</div><div>5. History of AI development</div><div><br></div><div>Ad. 1 - Generally, loss of parts of the cortex results in partial loss of higher level functions. You can develop isolated acalculia, spatial disorientation, various forms of agnosia, aphasias, apraxia, abulia, emotional incontinence. There is a gradient of complexity of affected functions along a few axes in the cortex - e.g. along the posterolateral and posteroanterior occipital cortex there is a gradient towards more abstract and non-localized visual function to be affected. On the other hand, small lesions in the brainstem can take out a lot of motor or sensory function while leaving higher representation unaffected. A sufficiently large brainstem lesion affecting the ARAS will cause loss of consciousness, so yes, you need subcortical structures for intelligence, in the same way you need a power supply for your AlphaGo.</div><div><br></div><div>This line of evidence is extensive and detailed. A caveat is that large cerebellar lesions in adults cause global cognitive dysfunction, however, in primary cerebellar agenesis there is no significant cognitive dysfunction, implying that the neocortex can adapt to function well without cerebellar input, so cognition still remains a purely cortical process.</div><div><br></div><div>Ad. 2. Functional non-lesion work in humans and animals, using e.g. fMRI, and electrophysiological approaches, finds neural correlates of cognition in the cortex and only to a much lesser degree in subcortical areas. The farther you go connection-wise from the cortex the less correlation to cognition.</div><div><br></div><div>This is a massive body of work that I couldn't even begin to summarize here.</div><div><br></div><div>Ad. 3 - There is very little variation in the structure of the brainstem between various primates (aside from size differences) but there are much more pronounced differences in the structure of the cortex, with large cortex and high metabolic cortical activity correlating with better cognitive function.</div><div><br></div><div>This line of evidence is detailed but less so than lesion-derived information.</div><div><br></div><div>Ad. 4 - There are significant genetic differences between humans and non-human primates in genes that affect cortical development, more so than in the genes affecting only the brainstem. The neocortex in primates is modular at the small to medium level (cortical columns) but there is also a component of non-modular, hierarchic structure (Brodmann areas) and the shape and strength of connections at this hierarchic level is very important for unique human functions.</div><div><br></div><div>This line of evidence is still work in progress.</div><div><br></div><div>Ad. 5 - It appears that robotics companies have already duplicated human function at the lower level of walking, motor manipulation, simple visual scene analysis. I do not know what is the structure of programs used for these functions. I am assuming that these are task-specific programs that do not need to embody extensive learning functions, and they are different from the 200-layer neural networks used in modeling higher cognitive function. If so, there would be an analogy to the division between the task-specific, non-learning neural non-cortical networks and the general function modular hierarchical cortical networks in the brain.</div><div><br></div><div>If you put a deep neural network with 2000 layers on top of whatever powers ATLAS robots you could get a pretty close facsimile of a human mind in a clumsy human body.</div><div> </div></div>
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