<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">On Sun, May 15, 2016 BillK </span><span dir="ltr" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><<a href="mailto:pharos@gmail.com" target="_blank">pharos@gmail.com</a>></span><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"> wrote:</span><br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote"><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;display:inline">> </div>The astronomers Adam Frank and Woodruff Sullivan have an interesting<br>
paper out where they’ve essentially flipped the Drake Equation on its<br>
head. If that equation is meant to give us some handle on the<br>
probability that there are aliens out there, Frank and Sullivan have<br>
used the plethora of exoplanets discovered since the launch of the<br>
Kepler space telescope to calculate the chance that, so far, we alone<br>
have been the only advanced civilization in the 13.7 billion year<br>
history of the universe. I won’t bore you with actual numbers, but<br>
they estimate the chance that we’re the first and only is 1 in 10<br>
billion trillion. I shouldn’t have to tell you that is a really,<br>
really small number.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;display:inline"></div><font size="4">Astronomers alone can never produce a meaningful figure of the likelihood of ET. Yes astronomy can come up with amazingly big numbers<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;display:inline"> </div>but biology can come up with amazingly small numbers; if you multiply those 2 numbers together do you get a number greater than one? The Great Silence makes me think the answer is no<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;display:inline">,</div> and in the very big (or very small) numbers game Biology is the boss not Astronomy.</font><br><br><font size="4">Incidentally<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;display:inline"></div> one of the factors in the Drake Equation is not biological or astronomical, it's the lifetime of a technological civilization. Donald Trump may be able to show us <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;display:inline">exactly </div>how that works.<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;display:inline"> </div></font></div><div><font size="4"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;display:inline"><br></div></font></div><div><font size="4"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;display:inline"> John K Clark</div></font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div></div></div></div>