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On 2016-09-16 14:31, John Clark wrote:<br>
<blockquote
cite="mid:CAJPayv03UiuBwZf_sB-CC48s-pHthfWxBii_we0QtZnABctOxg@mail.gmail.com"
type="cite">
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<div><font size="4"><font face="arial, helvetica,
sans-serif">Actually it was even worse than that. <br>
</font></font></div>
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</blockquote>
<br>
<font size="4"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Actually,
it was even worse than <i>that</i>. A bear could have destroyed
the world.<br>
<br>
Here is some entries from my nuclear near miss document:<br>
</font></font><br>
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0cm 5.4pt" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="842">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">1962 August-Oct<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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.5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">+++<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">Action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">U2 Flights into soviety airspace<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Accidental
incursion of a U2 Oct 26 near the Chukotski Peninsula,
Soviet MIG interceptors took off with orders to shoot
down the plane. Trying to reach Alaska the plane ran out
of fuel; IS F102-A fighters launched to escort him,
armed with nuclear missiles and usable at the pilot’s
own direcretion. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">1962, October 24<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">+<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
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windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">Alert<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">Soviet satellite explodes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">“On October 24, a Soviet satellite entered its own parking orbit, and shortly afterward exploded. Sir
Bernard Lovell, director of the Jodrell Bank observatory wrote in 1968: "the explosion of a Russian
spacecraft in orbit during the Cuban missile crisis... led the U.S. to believe that the USSR was
launching a massive ICBM attack." The NORAD Command Post logs of the dates in question
remain classified, possibly to conceal reaction to the event. Its occurrence is recorded, and U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">space tracking stations were informed on October 31 of debris resulting from the breakup of "62<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">BETA IOTA."”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:windowtext;
background:white">http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf</span></a><span
class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;background:white"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">1962 15–28 October</span><span
class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;background:white"> </span></span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">+++<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
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windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">Tension, Alert, Action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_missile_crisis" title="Cuban
missile crisis"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:windowtext;background:white;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none">Cuban missile crisis</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white"> </span></span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">The
crisis peaked on 27 October, when a<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2"
title="Lockheed U-2"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:windowtext;
background:white;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">U-2</span></a><span
class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;background:white"> </span></span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">was shot
down over Cuba and another almost intercepted over
Siberia, after<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_LeMay"
title="Curtis LeMay"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:windowtext;
background:white;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Curtis LeMay</span></a><span
class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;background:white"> </span></span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">(US<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"
title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force"><span
style="font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:windowtext;background:white;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Air Force
Chief of Staff</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">)
had neglected to enforce Presidential orders to suspend
all overflights, and a Soviet submarine nearly launched
a nuclear-tipped torpedo in response to depth charges
(with the launch being prevented by an officer named<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_Arkhipov"
title="Vasili Arkhipov"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:windowtext;background:white;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Vasili
Arkhipov</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III</span></a><span
class="MsoHyperlink"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext"><o:p><span
style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">John<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>F.<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Kennedy<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>later<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>estimating<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>the odds<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>of<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>war<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>during<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>the<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Cuban Missile<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Crisis<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>at<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>somewhere<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>between
“one-in-three<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>and<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>even”<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(Sorenson, 1965:<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>705).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">‘It wasn’t until January 1992 in
a meeting chaired by Castro in Havana, Cuba that I
learned 162 nuclear warheads, including 90 tactical
warheads, were on the island at the time of this
critical moment of the crisis. I couldn’t believe what I
was hearing and Castro got very angry with me because I
said: “Mr President let’s stop this meeting. This is
totally new to me. I’m not sure I got the translation
right. Mr President I have three questions for you:
Number 1 — Did you know the nuclear warheads were there?
Number 2 — If you did, would you have recommended to
Khrushchev in the face of a US attack that he used them.
Number 3 — If he had used them, what would have happened
to Cuba?” He said: “Number 1 — I knew they were there.
Number 2 — I would not *have* recommended to Khrushchev;
I *did* recommend to Khrushchev that they be used.
Number 3 — What would have happened to Cuba? It would
have been totally destroyed.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>— McNamara, <i>The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons
from the Life of Robert S. McNamara</i>, 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>(Secretary of Defense during the Cuban Missile
Crisis)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">‘We had to send a U-2 over to
gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet
missiles were becoming operational. We believed that if
the U-2 was shot down that—the Cubans didn't have
capabilities to shoot it down, the Soviets did—we
believed if it was shot down, it would be shot down by a
Soviet surface-to-air-missile unit, and that it would
represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the
conflict. And therefore, before we sent the U-2 out, we
agreed that if it was shot down we wouldn't meet, we'd
simply attack. It was shot down on Friday. ...
Fortunately, we changed our mind, we thought "Well, it
might have been an accident, we won't attack.”’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>— McNamara, 1964 interview<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>(Secretary of Defense during the Cuban Missile
Crisis)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- The local Soviet commander in
Cuba had the power to launch the tactical nuclear
weapons without approval from Moscow<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">1962 October 25,: </span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;background:#F1F1EA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
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.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">++<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
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.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">Action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">Duluth incident</span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/25685/7-close-calls-nuclear-age"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">http://mentalfloss.com/article/25685/7-close-calls-nuclear-age</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">“At around midnight on October 25, a guard at the Duluth Sector Direction Center saw a figure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">climbing the security fence. He shot at it, and activated the "sabotage alarm." This automatically<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">set off sabotage alarms at all bases in the area. At Volk Field, Wisconsin, the alarm was wrongly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">wired, and the Klaxon sounded which ordered nuclear armed F106A interceptors to take off. The<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">pilots knew there would be no practice alert drills while DEFCON 3 was in force, and they believed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">World War III had started.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Immediate communication with Duluth showed there was an error. By this time aircraft were<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">starting down the runway. A car raced from command center and successfully signaled the aircraft<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">to stop. The original intruder was a bear”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">1962
October 28 <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">+++<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Alert, Action?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Okinawa Launch
Order<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://thebulletin.org/okinawa-missiles-october8826"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">http://thebulletin.org/okinawa-missiles-october8826</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">“</span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">-
During the crisis, while at DEFCON 2, a launch order was
accidentally sent to a missile base in Okinawa<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- All three parts of the coded
order matched the codes the base had, signalling a
launch of their nuclear weapons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- These were 4 sites on the
island, with 2 launch centres on each, which each had 4
1.1 megaton warheads<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- (making a total of 32
missiles)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- The launch orders included
targets in Russia and in other communist countries<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- The senior field officer who
was also in charge of one of the sites, Capt William
Bassett, took command of the situation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- He became suspicious that a
launch order was given without DEFCON 1 being declared
(which should be impossible).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- Bassett’s crew suggested that
the DEFCON 1 order may have been jammed and a launch
officer at another site suggested a Soviet preemptive
attack may be underway, giving no time to upgrade to
DEFCON 1.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- Bassett’s crew quickly
calculated that a pre-emptive strike should have already
hit them<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- Bassett order them to check
the missiles’ readiness and noticed that three of their
targets were not in Russia, which seemed unlikely given
the current crisis. A launch officer from another site
phoned with a similar concern. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- Bassett radioed to the Missile
Operations Center to confirm the coded order but the
same code was radioed back<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- Bassett was still suspicious,
but a lieutenant in charge of another site all of whose
targets were in the USSR argued that Bassett had no
right to stop the launch given that the order was
repeated<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- This other officer ordered the
missiles at his site be launched.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- Bassett ordered a launch
officer to send two airmen through the 30m tunnel to the
site where the missiles were being launched with orders
to shoot the lieutenant if he continued with the launch
without Bassett’s agreement or DEFCON 1 being declared.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- John Bordne (the airman who
leaked this account) realised that it was unusual for
such an order to be given at the end of a routine
weather report and for the major to repeat the order
without stress in his voice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- Bassett agreed and telephoned
the Missile Operations Center to either give the DEFCON
1 order or issue a stand down order.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- A stand down order was quickly
given and the danger was over.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">[This was reported in 2015 by a
serviceman who saw the Bassett’s actions and phone call
first hand, but has not yet been confirmed by the Air
Force.]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">“ (Toby)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:5">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
#F1F1EA">1962 October 26<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">+<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">Action<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">ICBM test launch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">“At Vandenburg Air Force Base, California, there was a program of routine ICBM test flights. When
DEFCON 3 was ordered all the ICBM's were fitted with nuclear warhead
except one Titan missile
that was scheduled for a test launch later that week. That one was launched for its test, without<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">further orders from Washington, at 4a.m. on the 26th.
It must be assumed that Russian observers were monitoring U.S. missile activities as closely as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">U.S. observers were monitoring Russian and Cuban activities. They would have known of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">general changeover to nuclear warheads, but not that this was only a test launch.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:6">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">1962, October 26<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">+<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">Alert<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">Unanonounced
Titan missile launch<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">“During the Cuba crisis, some radar warning stations that were under construction and near<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">completion were brought into full operation as fast as possible. The planned overlap of coverage<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">was thus not always available.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">A normal test launch of a TitanII ICBM took place in the afternoon of October 26, from Florida to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">the South Pacific. It caused temporary concern at Moorestown Radar site until its course could be<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">plotted and showed no predicted impact within the United States. It was not until after this event<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">that the potential for a serious false alarm was realized, and orders were given that radar warning<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">sites must be notified in advance of test launches, and the countdown be relayed to them.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:7">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">1962, October 26<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">++<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">Malstrom
Air force base<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">“When DEFCON 2 was declared on October 24, solid fuel Minuteman1 missiles at Malmstrom Air<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Force Base were being prepared for full deployment. The work was accelerated to ready the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">missiles for operation, without waiting for the normal handover procedures and safety checks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">When one silo and missile were ready on October 26 no armed guards were available to cover<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">transport from the normal separate storage, so the launch enabling equipment and codes were all<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">placed in the silo. It was thus physically possible for a single operator to launch a fully armed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">missile at a SIOP target.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">During the remaining period of the Crisis the several missiles at Malstrom were repeatedly put on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">and off alert as errors and defects were found and corrected. Fortunately no combination of errors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">caused or threatened an unauthorized launch, but in the extreme tension of the period the danger<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">can be well imagined.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:8">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">1962, October 27<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">+++<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">U2 Shot
down<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">‘We had to send a U-2 over to
gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet
missiles were becoming operational. We believed that if
the U-2 was shot down that—the Cubans didn't have
capabilities to shoot it down, the Soviets did—we
believed if it was shot down, it would be shot down by a
Soviet surface-to-air-missile unit, and that it would
represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the
conflict. And therefore, before we sent the U-2 out, we
agreed that if it was shot down we wouldn't meet, we'd
simply attack. It was shot down on Friday. ...
Fortunately, we changed our mind, we thought "Well, it
might have been an accident, we won't attack.”’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>— McNamara, 1964 interview<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>(Secretary of Defense during the Cuban Missile
Crisis)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">Later it was discovered that
Khrushchev had followed similar reasoning and had
ordered his commander in Cuba not to shoot the planes. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- The choice to shoot it down
had been from a more junior Soviet commander acting on
his own authority.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:9">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">1962, October 27<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">+++<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">Submarine
B-59<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">“- During the crisis, a flotilla
of four nuclear submarines were sent by the USSR to
escort nuclear materials to Cuba<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- A group of blockading US ships
detected submarine B-59 and tried to make it surface for
identification by dropping low-explosive depth charges
as warning shots.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- The US ships did not know that
as well as conventional weapons, the subs were armed
with (tactical) nuclear torpedoes which could destroy
many ships at once (15 kiloton warhead = Hiroshima)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- Because it was deep
underwater, trying to evade detection, submarine B-59
had been out of radio contact for days and did not know
whether war had broken out<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- The commander, Captain
Savitsky, believed the depth charges were of the usual
high-explosive type and that war had already broken out.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- He therefore wanted to use the
nuclear torpedo against the aircraft carrier leading the
US ships.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- This required agreement from
the political officer, which was granted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- Luckily, because this
particular submarine was carrying the flotilla
commander, Vasili Arkhipov, on board, it also required
his agreement and he did not agree.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">- Arkhipov convinced the the
commander to surface the submarine and await orders from
Moscow<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">[There is some disagreement
about how serious the commander was in his order, with
some suggestion that Arkhipov’s intervention wasn’t
really required.]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt">“ (Toby)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:10">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">1962, October<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">+<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">NATO
readiness<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">“It is recorded on October 22, that British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and NATO Supreme<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Commander, General Lauris Norstad agreed not to put NATO on alert in order to avoid<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">provocation of the U.S.S.R. When the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff ordered DEFCON 3 Norstad was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">authorized to use his discretion in complying. Norstad did not order a NATO alert. However,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">several NATO subordinate commanders did order alerts to DEFCON 3 or equivalent levels of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">readiness at bases in West Germany, Italy, Turkey, and United Kingdom. This seems largely due<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">to the action of General Truman Landon, CINC U.S. Air Forces Europe, who had already started<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">alert procedures on October 17 in anticipation of a serious crisis over Cuba.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:11">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">1962 October<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">British
alerts<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">“When the U.S. SAC went to DEFCON 2, on October 24, Bomber Command (the U.K.) was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">carrying out an unrelated readiness exercise. On October 26, Air Marshall Cross, CINC of Bomber<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Command, decided to prolong the exercise because of the Cuba crisis, and later increased the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">alert status of British nuclear forces, so that they could launch in 15 minutes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">It seems likely that Soviet intelligence would perceive these moves as part of a coordinated plan in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">preparation for immediate war. They could not be expected to know that neither the British Minister<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">of Defense nor Prime Minister Macmillian had authorized them.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:12">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">1962, October 28<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">+<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">Alert<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">Moorestown
false alarm<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">“Just before 9 a.m., on October 28, the Moorestown, New Jersey, radar operators informed the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">national command post that a nuclear attack was under way. A test tape simulating a missile<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">launch from Cuba was being run, and simultaneously a satellite came over the horizon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Operators became confused and reported by voice line to NORAD HQ that impact was expected<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">18 miles west of Tampa at 9:02 a.m. The whole of NORAD was reported, but before irrevocable<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">action had taken place it was reported that no detonation had taken place at the predicted time,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">and Moorestown operators reported the reason for the false alarm.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:13">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">1962 October 28<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">+<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">Alert<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">False
warning due to satellite<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">“At 5:26 p.m. on October 28, the Laredo radar warning site had just become operational. Operators<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">misidentified a satellite in orbit as two possible missiles over Georgia and reported by voice line to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">NORAD HQ. NORAD was unable to identify that the warning came from the new station at Laredo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">and believed it to be from Moorestown, and therefore more reliable. Moorestown failed to intervene<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">and contradict the false warning. By the time the CINC, NORAD had been informed, no impact had<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">been reported and the warning was "given low credence."”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:14">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:
white">1962, November 2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">+<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white">Penkovsky
false warning<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
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5.4pt" valign="top" width="510">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">“In the fall of 1962, Colonel Oleg Penkovsky was working with the Soviets as a double agent for the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">(U.S.) C.I.A. He had been given a code by which to warn the CIA if he was convinced that a Soviet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">attack on the United States was imminent. He was to call twice, one minute apart, and only blow<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">into the receiver. Further information was then to be left at a "dead drop" in Moscow.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The prearranged code message was received by the CIA on November 2, 1962.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">It was known at the CIA that Penkovsky had been arrested on October 22. Penkovsky knew he<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">was going to be executed. It is not known whether he had told the KGB the meaning of the code<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">signal or only how it would be given, nor is it known exactly why or with what authorization the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">KGB staff used it. When another CIA agent checked the dead drop he was arrested.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal"><a
href="http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext">http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/1025/20mishaps.pdf</span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:15">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91"><br>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71"><br>
</td>
<td style="width:42.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="71"><br>
</td>
<td style="width:58.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="98"><br>
</td>
<td style="width:305.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt" valign="top" width="510"><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:16;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes">
<td style="width:54.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="91"><br>
</td>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Dr Anders Sandberg
Future of Humanity Institute
Oxford Martin School
Oxford University</pre>
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