<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Sep 20, 2016 at 5:44 PM, spike <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:spike66@att.net" target="_blank">spike66@att.net</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Anyone here have the straight dope?</blockquote></div><br><a href="http://ideas.4brad.com/critique-nhtsas-newly-released-recommendations-states-and-regulations">http://ideas.4brad.com/critique-nhtsas-newly-released-recommendations-states-and-regulations</a><br><h1 class="gmail-title">Critique of NHTSA's newly released regulations</h1>
<div class="gmail-node">
<span class="gmail-submitted">Submitted by <a rel="nofollow" title="View user profile." href="http://ideas.4brad.com/user/brad">brad</a> on Mon, 2016-09-19 22:58.</span>
<span class="gmail-taxonomy"><ul class="gmail-links gmail-inline"><li class="gmail-first gmail-last gmail-taxonomy_term_95"><a class="gmail-taxonomy_term_95" title="The future of computer-driven cars and deliverbots" rel="tag" href="http://ideas.4brad.com/topic/robocars">Robocars</a></li></ul></span>
<div class="gmail-content"><p>The long awaited <a href="http://www.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/av/pdf/Federal_Automated_Vehicles_Policy.pdf">list of recommendations and potential regulations for Robocars</a>
has just been released by NHTSA, the federal agency that regulates car
safety and safety issues in car manufacture. Normally, NHTSA does not
regulate car technology before it is released into the market, and the
agency, while it says it is wary of slowing down this safety-increasing
technology, has decided to do the unprecedented — and at a whopping 115
pages.</p>
<p><img class="gmail-leftpic" src="http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nhtsaassets/imgnew/nhtsa_logo.png">
Broadly, this is very much the wrong direction. Nobody — not Google,
Uber, Ford, GM or certainly NHTSA — knows the precise form of these cars
will have when deployed. Almost surely something will change from our
existing knowledge today. They know this, but still wish to move.
Some of the larger players have pushed for regulation. Big companies
like certainty. They want to know what the rules will be before they
invest. Startups thrive better in the chaos, making up the rules as we
go along.</p>
<p>NHTSA hopes to define “best practices” but the best anybody can do in
2016 is lay down existing practices and conventional wisdom. The
entirely new methods of providing safety that are yet to be invented
won’t be in
such a definition.</p>
<p>The document is very detailed, so it will generate several blog posts
of analysis. Here I present just initial reactions. Those reactions
are broadly negative. This document is too detailed by an order of
magnitude. Its regulations begin today, but fortunately they are also
accepting public comment. The scope of the document is so large,
however, that it seems extremely unlikely that they would scale back
this document to the level it should be at. As such, the progress of
robocar development in the USA may be seriously negatively affected.</p>
<h2>Vehicle performance guidelines</h2>
<p>The first part of the regulations is a proposed 15 point safety
standard. It must be certified (by the vendor) that the car meets these
standards. NHTSA wants the power, according to an Op-Ed by no less
than President Obama, to be able to pull cars from the road that don’t
meet these safety promises.</p>
<p><img src="http://ideas.4brad.com/files/nhtsaareas.jpg"></p>
<ul><li>Data Recording and Sharing</li><li>Privacy</li><li>System Safety</li><li>Vehicle Cybersecurity</li><li>Human Machine Interface</li><li>Crashworthiness</li><li>Consumer Education and Training</li><li>Registration and Certification</li><li>Post-Crash Behavior</li><li>Federal, State and Local Laws</li><li>Operational Design Domain</li><li>Object and Event Detection and Response</li><li>Fall Back (Minimal Risk Condition)</li><li>Validation Methods</li><li><strong>Ethical Considerations</strong></li></ul>
<p>As you might guess, the most disturbing is the last one. As I have <a href="http://ideas.4brad.com/enough-trolley-problem-already">written many times</a>,
the issue of ethical “trolley problems” where cars must decide between
killing one person are another are a philosophy class tool, not a guide
to real world situations. Developers should spend as close to zero
effort on these problems as possible, since they are not common enough
to warrant special attention, if not for our morbid fascination with
machines making life or death decisions in hypothetical situations. <a href="http://ideas.4brad.com/let-policymakers-handle-trolley-problems">Let the policymakers</a> answer these questions if they want to; programmers and vendors don’t.</p>
<p>For the past couple of years, this has been a game that’s kept people
entertained and ethicists employed. The idea that government
regulations might demand solutions to these problems before these cars
can go on the road is appalling. If these regulations are written this
way, <strong>we will delay saving lots of real lives in the interest of
debating which highly hypothetical lives will be saved or harmed in
ridiculously rare situations</strong>. </p>
<p>NHTSA’s rules demand that ethical decisions be “made consciously and
intentionally.” Algorithms must be “transparent” and based on input
from regulators, drivers, passengers and road users. While the
section makes mention of machine learning techniques, it seems in the
same breath to forbid them.</p>
<p>Most of the other rules are more innocuous. Of course all vendors
will know and have little trouble listing what roads their car works on,
and they will have extensive testing
data on the car’s perception system and how it handles every sort of
failure. However, the requirement to keep the government constantly
updated will be burdensome. Some vehicles will be adding streets to
their route map literally ever day.</p>
<p>While I have been a professional privacy advocate, and I do care
about just how the privacy of car users is protected, I am frankly not
that concerned during the pilot project phase about how well this is
done. I do want a good regime — and even the ability to do <a href="http://ideas.4brad.com/maintaining-privacy-robotaxi">anonymous taxi</a>
— so it’s perhaps not too bad to think about these things now, but I
suspect these regulations will be fairly meaningless unless written in
consultation with independent privacy advocates. The hard reality is
that during the test phase, even a privacy advocate has to admit that
the cars will need to make very extensive recordings of everything they
can, so that any problems encountered can be studied and fixed and
placed into the test suite.</p>
<h2>50 state laws</h2>
<p>NHTSA’s plan has been partially endorsed by the self-driving
coalition for safer streets (whose members include big players Ford,
Google, Volvo, Uber and Lyft.) They like the fact that it has guidance
for states on how to write their regulations, fearing that regulations
may differ too much state to state. I have written that <a href="http://ideas.4brad.com/actually-50-different-state-regulations-not-bad-idea">having 50 sets of rules may not be that bad an idea</a>
because jurisdictional competition can allow legal innovation and
having software load new parameters as you drive over a border is not
that hard.</p>
<p>In this document NHTSA asks the states to yield to the DOT on
regulating robocar operation and performance. States should stick to
registering cars, rules of the road, safety inspections and insurance.
States will regulate human drivers as before, but the feds will regulate
computer drivers.</p>
<p>States will still regulate testing, in theory, but the test cars must comply with the federal regulations.</p>
<h2>New Authorities</h2>
<p>A large part of the document just lists the legal justifications for
NHTSA to regulate in this fashion and is primarily for policy wonks.
Section 4, however, lists new authorities NHTSA is going to seek in
order to do more regulation.</p>
<p>Some of the authorities they may see include:</p>
<ul><li>Pre-market safety assurance: Defining testing tools and methods to be used before selling</li><li>Pre-market approval authority: Vendors would need approval from
NHTSA before selling, rather than self-certifying compliance with the
regulations</li><li>Hybrid approaches of pre-market approval and self-certification</li><li>Cease and desist authority: The ability to demand cars be taken off the road</li><li>Exemption authority: An ability to grant rue exemptions for testing</li><li>Post-sale authority to regulate software changes</li><li>Much more</li></ul>
<h2>Other quick notes:</h2>
<ul><li>NHTSA has abandoned their levels in favour of the SAE’s. The SAE’s
were almost identical of course, with the addition of a “level 5” which
is meaningless because it requires a vehicle that can drive literally
everywhere, and there is not really a commercial reason to make a car at
present that can do that.</li><li>NHTSA is now pushing the acronym “HAV” (highly automated vehicle) as
yet another contender in the large sea of names people use for this
technology. (Self-driving car, driverless car, autonomous vehicle,
automated vehicle, robocar etc.)</li></ul>
<p>Today has meetings for me but much more analysis is on the way.</p>
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