<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:19.2px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">So it now turns out that gene expression is both nature *and* nurture.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:19.2px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:19.2px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">Well, who'd have thought that!</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:19.2px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:19.2px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:19.2px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">BillK</span><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:19.2px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><br></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:19.2px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">Me - after a couple of books on epigenetics, which I think I recommended to the group</span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:19.2px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><br></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:19.2px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">bill w</span></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Mar 27, 2018 at 9:19 AM, BillK <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:pharos@gmail.com" target="_blank">pharos@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Despite being central to the subject for over a century, there has<br>
never been a universally accepted, constant definition of what genes<br>
actually are. From the beginning, scientists have tried to link human<br>
characteristics to genes, but had limited success in establishing<br>
stable connections.<br>
<br>
<<a href="https://theconversation.com/why-genes-dont-hold-all-the-answers-for-biologists-92194" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://theconversation.com/<wbr>why-genes-dont-hold-all-the-<wbr>answers-for-biologists-92194</a>><br>
<br>
Quote:<br>
As a consequence, the function of genes is now understood to depend on<br>
systems of epigenetic inheritance and environmental signalling.<br>
Whether a gene is activated (or not) to produce a protein depends on<br>
how it is “packaged” into chromosomes, and information the organism<br>
receives from the environment.<br>
<br>
The most important insight associated with the discovery of the gene<br>
in the early 20th century was that the order in which genes operate<br>
does not reflect the order in which the human (or plant or animal)<br>
body develops. One gene is not linked to one physical trait – many<br>
genes control many traits. Likewise, a single trait is often<br>
controlled by hundred of genes forming complex networks of<br>
interaction.<br>
<br>
With the subsequent identification of DNA as the hereditary material<br>
in 1953, it became possible to directly access and manipulate the<br>
genetic code. Even with this discovery, however, it turned out that<br>
genes are not well-defined stretches of DNA that translate directly<br>
into the structure of proteins.<br>
<br>
Genes may consist of separate building blocks that are distributed<br>
over the genome and have different functions. They may overlap and be<br>
read in a variety of ways. Their products in turn, may be cut into<br>
pieces and then spliced together again in a variety of ways. All of<br>
these activities depend on a variety of signals – from within the<br>
cell, from other cells, or from the environment.<br>
---------------<br>
<br>
So it now turns out that gene expression is both nature *and* nurture.<br>
Well, who'd have thought that!<br>
<br>
BillK<br>
<br>
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</blockquote></div><br></div>