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<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">On Tue, May 15, 2018 at 10:17 PM, Stuart LaForge <<a href="mailto:avant@sollegro.com">avant@sollegro.com</a>> wrote:</p>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><i>> If you consider your connectome to be the essential you, then your argument does follow in a narrow sense.</i></blockquote><p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Narrow sense? It follows unless you assume particular atoms confer individuality to us even though science tells us atoms have no individuality, and I don’t see hot atoms can confer that property to us when they don’t have it themselves. And if that was the key I also don’t see how we seem to remain the same person even though atoms are constantly shifting in and out of our bodies from birth to death. </font></p><p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
</p><p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">And I think it is beyond debate that the connectome is essential, there may or may not be other things that are essential too we don’t know. </font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> But keep in mind that your connectome is a malleable ever evolving thing. Every second of every day, you are making new memories and also forgetting old ones. In a continual state of becoming.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">We're trying to decide if ASC or Alcor's method should be used, so how is the above relevant? </font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> Maybe by placing so much stock in a frozen snapshot of your connectome you would lose the information of who you were becoming.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p2" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Alcor's method is just as much a frozen snapshot as ASC is, and I don't know if the connectome information would be enough to bring somebody back but ASC would preserve more than that, I can't think of any sort of information that Alcor's method would preserve but ASC wouldn’t, and almost certainly scramble it less too. </font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> Kind of like a Heisenberg uncertainty principle of identity.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">If the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is relevant then we become a different person a billion times a second. </font></p>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">> Which memories were just starting to form? Which were on the verge of being forgotten.</font></p>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Those would be the memories of just before I died when my body was breaking down and I was probably in great pain, and I don't mind forgetting them so much. And anyway the same thing would happen with Alcor’s method so the issue has no relevance in deciding between the two.</font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> Life and consciousness are not just nouns, they are also verbs i.e. dynamic processes.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">I am an adjective, I am the way generic atoms behave when they are organized in a johnkclarkian way.</font></p>
</div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><font size="4">> > I think the warming up process almost certainly causes even more damage than the freezing process.</font></blockquote></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"> </blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> From a biomedical standpoint, absolutely. Especially if the warming comes too fast. Also from ischemia considerations, it would be better to warm the person from the inside out.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">It would be even better not to warm the brain at all, instead have nano-machines note the position of all the atoms in the outer layer of the frozen brain by feel, that is to say by using the same basic principle that Scanning Tunneling Microscopes use, then they would remove that layer and do the same thing with the next layer and then the next until the position of every atom in the brain is known, Ralph Merkle figures this would take about 100 days; the original brain would be gone by then but that would be OK because if you've seen one atom you've seen them all. Its not the particular atoms in your brain that makes you be you its the particular information. Of course to be in a usable form that can be used to make another brain (or more likely an upload) that raw data is going to need a lot of processing. In the current issue of Cryonics Ralph Merkle divides up the brain into 10^27 little boxes, each box would then only contain a very few molecules and most of them would be water molecules whose reaction with aldehyde is simple and well known and and whose exact position is less critical than for proteins. If we figure each tiny little box would need a billion floating point operations to sharpen up the raw data, which a think is a generous estimate, then the entire brain would require 10^27 billion floating point operations. </font></p>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">If we have Drexler style nanotechnology (and if we don't nobody is coming back) one watt for one second could power about 10^12 billion floating point operations, there are 3.6*10^3 seconds in a hour and 10^3 watts in a kilowatt, so one kilowatt-hour of energy could make 3.6*10^18 floating point operations, thus to do the entire brain you'd need 280,000,000 kilowatt-hours of energy. Right now in the USA a kilowatt-hour costs about 12 cents so the energy cost would be about 34 million dollars, much too high for most people, but if we have nanotechnology it is certainly reasonable to expect energy costs to be very dramatically lower than what they are now.</font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> But I am sure you had more reductive reason so let's hear it. I am curious. :-)</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">During freezing if a piece breaks off it won't be able to diffuse very far away so you can figure out where it came from but with rewarming that piece could end up anywhere and any damage produced will continue to evolve and get worse unless you immediately step in with very sophisticated technology to stop it. But with freezing the damage automatically stops when things become solid, there are no time constraints and we can leave the problem of repairing the damage that has occurred to future technology. Or at least we can provided the brain information has not been so scrambled that even Nanotechnology can't unscramble it, and that could happen if turbulence sets in. </font></p>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">So the key question is " will the micro-currents in my brain be in a turbulent state when it is frozen or will the flow be laminar ?". If it's turbulent then very small changes in initial conditions will result in large changes in outcome and I'm dead meat, even nanotechnology couldn't put Humpty Dumpty back together again; but if the flow is laminar figuring out what things were like before they were frozen would be pretty straightforward.</font></p>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Fluid flow stops being smoothly Laminar and starts to become chaotically turbulent when a system has a Reynolds number between 2300 and 4000, although you might get some non chaotic vortices if it is bigger than 30. When chaotic turbulence starts a very small change in initial conditions will result in a huge difference in outcome and that is exactly what we want to avoid because we want to be able to figure out what the brain was like before it was frozen. </font></p>
<p class="gmail-p2" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">We can find the approximate Reynolds number by using the formula LDV/N. L is the characteristic size we're interested in, we're interested in cells so L is about 10^-6 meter. D is the density of water, 10^3 kilograms/cubic meter. V is the velocity of the flow, during freezing it's probably less than 10^-3 meters per second but let's be conservative, I'll give you 3 orders of magnitude and call V 1 meter per second. N is the viscosity of water and at room temperature N is 0.001 newton-second/meter^2, it would be less than that when things get cold and even less when water is mixed with glycerol as it is in cryonics but let's be conservative again and ignore those factors. If you plug these numbers into the formula you get a Reynolds number of about 1. 1 is a lot less than 2300 so it looks like any mixing caused by freezing would probably be laminar not turbulent, so you can still deduce the position where things are were from the position of where things are now, you can figure our how the parts of the puzzle are supposed to fit together. </font></p>
</div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><font size="4">>> And more important the current method leads to the shrinkage of the brain by 50%.</font></blockquote></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"> </blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote">> <i>All cryobiotic organisms that survive freezing undergo a certain amount of dehydration in the process.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">That works fine for microorganisms like tardigrades but as far as I know no adult mammal has ever survived being frozen solid, much less brought back from liquid nitrogen temperatures, there is always some liquid water remaining. </font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote">> <i>If you are that worried about your connectome, just get a picture or better yet a movie of it while you are still alive. The data will be fareasier to stably store than a biologically useless head.</i><br><a href="http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org/gallery/">http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org/gallery/</a></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">I know of no non-destructive method that could produce the connectome information of my brain right now, unfortunately MRI, PET scans and X rays don't provide nearly enough detailed information. However a human brain has been chemically fixed and sliced into 5000 thin sheets and detailed microscopic images taken of every square nanometer of all 5000 sheets, and that might do the trick, but for obvious reasons I'm not quite ready for that. </font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote">> Your DNA won't survive covalently bonding with every nitrate group in its vicinity. But your DNA can survive boiling water. Think on that before you pickle yourself in glutaraldehyde for posterity.</blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Why on earth should I think about that? Talk about redundancy, my entire genome is repeated in every cell of my body, my hairbrush alone is enough to guarantee it will survive intact, but that is not nearly good enough because there is a lot more to me than just my genome. </p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> Aldehyde is one of the most toxic substance known.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Then why can I buy it over the counter at my local drugstore? </font> </p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i> > Tardigrades can survive outer space but cant survive aldhehyde.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">I know, and the same is true for the closely related chemical formaldehyde , but neither would make for a very good weapon of war. </font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> It inactivates *viruses* which is why it works on that wart.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">I know but that’s not a bug it's a feature, inactivating the entire biochemical metabolism is exactly what makes aldehyde so good, we want to shut it down and keep things in place, its the entire point of Cryonics.</font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> you are not just poisoning your cells with aldehyde,</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Yes aldehyde is a poison in that it renders cells non-viable, but I don't care about that, I only care about saving the essential must have part of them, the information. </font></p>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><i>> you completely cross-linking all your biomolecules into one gigantic covalently bonded molecule.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Right. </font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> You will be will still be able to see the forest, you just won't be able to see where one tree ends and another one begins.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">How do you figure that? We know what the chemical properties that a molecule of aldehyde has and we know what proteins are found in brain cells and we know what shape they have and we have Nanotechnology which means we have one hell of a lot of processing power. And there is a hell of a lot of redundancy in the brain and that will help too.</font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> Again, take a picture of your connectome before you die and let Alcor do its thing.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">I'd love to get a picture of the connectome of my brain but please tell me how to cut my brain into 5000 slices far thinner than tissue paper without killing me. If Alcor has the ability to do that right now then they've been holding out on me. </font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> Why would you want your connectome preserved at the moment of your death anyway? So you can live forever with PTSD?</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">First of all there is no reason to think ASC would preserve connectome information and nothing else, and second of all why is ASC a snapshot but Alcor's method is not? </font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> Dozens of examples of proof of principle of vitrification already exist in nature. I can't show you a mouse at liquid nitrogen temps but I can show you a frog at -16 C:</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">I admit the frog is impressive but 3F (-16C) isn’t very cold, that’s why its metabolic process never stops entirely and 1/3 of it remains unfrozen, and it can only remain in that semi-frozen state for a few months. And −16C is not nearly cold enough for long term storage. Alcor uses liquid nitrogen at −196C and that is cold enough to keep things unchanged for centuries, in fact −140C would probably be cold enough and it is above the glass transition temperature so the rate of cracking would be less, but I don’t consider cracking to be a very serious problem, it should be pretty simple to figure out what things looked like before the crack happened. And storing things at −140C would be more expensive than storing them at −196C, and it would be far more complicated than simply dumping in liquid nitrogen and that would increase the likelihood of catastrophic failure. The less maintenance required the better.</font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote">> <i>I was pleasantly surprised to discover Natasha Vita-More did it in the lab with nematodes.</i><br><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620520/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620520/</a></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">In a way Natasha’s work is more impressive than the frog even though the worm is so small it can barely be seen by the naked eye because she got down to −80C and because she showed that memory is retained. But −80C is STILL not cold enough for long term storage, the chemical reaction rate is just too high, the worms were only frozen for 2 weeks.</font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> I can't show you a single example of *anything* surviving getting dipped in aldehyde at *any* temperature.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Because aldehyde destroys cell viability, but it doesn't destroy information and therefore it doesn't produce information theoretical death:</font></p>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information-theoretic_death">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information-theoretic_death </a></p>
</div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><font size="4">>> to restore biological viability you are going to need information about what atom goes where, and from everything I have seen ASC does a better job preserving that information than Alcor’s current method. Electron Microscopes don't lie.</font></blockquote></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><br></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i>> What goes where is not enough. You need to be able to distinguish between hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds.</i></span></blockquote><div> </div><font size="4">Nobody knows that you're just guessing. But it doesn't matter because I don't insist that Electron Microscope pictures provide enough information to deduce the connectome or that the connectome information is enough to bring a individual back; but I do insist those Electron Microscope pictures are excellent evidence that ASC distorts information less than Alcor's current method, and not just information about the connectome.</font><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> Scanning electron microscopes don't have the resolution to distinguish hydrogen bonding from covalent bonding. You need an STM for that.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">I always assumed the trillions of nano-machines that examine the layers of the brain would gain that information by useing STM technology for two reasons:</font></p>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">1) They could take better pictures.</font></p>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">2) Its far easier to design a STM microscope a few nanometers across than electron microscope the same size because I don't know how such a tiny machine could produce the very high speed electrons needed.</font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> I think what you see would be a lot messier with ASC under an STM.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">You think that with Alcor's method things would look neater than ASC at that high resolution even though we know they look much messier than ASC at a lower resolution?? </font></p>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><i>> Nanosanta will thank you for not cross-linking your molecules into a Gordian knot.</i></blockquote>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">But I don't want to untie the Gordian knot, I just want to take a picture of it. </font></p>
<p class="gmail-p2" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:large"> John K Clark </span><br></p>
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