<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">On Sun, Oct 21, 2018 at 11:13 PM Stuart LaForge <</span><a href="mailto:avant@sollegro.com" target="_blank" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">avant@sollegro.com</a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">> wrote:</span><br></div><div class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
><font size="4"> An expanding gas isn't always cooled, for example if I divide a chamber<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span>in two and there is a gas at high pressure in half of it and a vacuum in<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span>the other half and I suddenly remove the barrier between the two the gas<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span>expands to fill the entire chamber, but the gas isn't cooled because it<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span>did no work. Work is force over distance and that didn't happen. During<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span>the exponential expansion phase Guth's inflation field did the work not<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span>the hot gas.</font></blockquote>
<br>
<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> <i></i></span><i>But there was no gas because there were was no matter.</i></blockquote><div><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></font><font size="4">That was true during the Inflation Era of the universe that lasted about 10^-35 to 10^-34 seconds, during that time most of the energy in the universe was in the form of the inflation field. After that the inflation field decayed away and the Universe entered the Radiation Era where most of the energy was in the form of photons.</font></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span><i>You could talk<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span>about a gas of photons but every time the universe doubled in size during<br>
inflation so would have the wavelengths of those photons.</i></blockquote><div><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></font><font size="4">That is also true, as the universe got larger not only did the density of photons become less but due to redshifting the energy in the individual photons became less too. After 48,000 years the photons had been redshifted by a factor of 3600 and they no longer contained most of the mass/energy in the universe and the Radiation Era ended and the Matter Era started. By "matter" I mean a combination of regular matter and dark matter. The Matter Era lasted from 48,000 to 9.8 billion years after the Big Bang and we've been in the Dark Energy Era for the last 4 billion years. The Matter Era ended because Dark Energy seems to be a property of space itself so as the universe got larger the amount of matter in it remained constant but the amount of Dark Energy in it did not.</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">For the sake of honesty I must admit that much of what I said above about the very early universe is conjecture because the oldest thing anybody has ever detected is the Cosmic Black Body Radiation, and that doesn't come from the Big Bang itself but from a time 380,000 years after it when the universe had cooled to less than 3000K and neutral hydrogen atoms could form and everything was no longer opaque to electromagnetic waves.</font></div><div><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span><i>So how did it reheat itself afterwards?</i><br></blockquote><div><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></font><font size="4">By making the first stars, it's called reionization and there is evidence it happened about 180 million years after the Big Bang. By the way, I think it's pretty neat that this evidence came from a small team of astronomers and a radio telescope no larger than your kitchen table: </font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><a href="https://phys.org/news/2018-02-secrets-universe.html">https://phys.org/news/2018-02-secrets-universe.html</a><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font size="4">John K Clark</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> </div></div></div></div>