<div dir="ltr"><font size="4">I don't doubt all <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">that </span>is possible with genetic engineering but it wouldn't be easy, I expect by the time it could be done superhuman AI will be around so Homo radiodurans will have <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">serious </span>competition. <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">It</span> will be a match between biology and electronics and I think electronics will win.<br><br>John K Clark</font><br><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">============</div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">On Thu, Oct 25, 2018 at 11:45 PM Stuart LaForge <<a href="mailto:avant@sollegro.com">avant@sollegro.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">John Clark wrote:<br>
<br>
>>> My question about living in space: what do you do about the<br>
>>> radiation for the long term?<br>
><br>
>> Simple, you genetically engineer your space humans to be black. Not<br>
>> African black and not just the skin, but pitch-black and including the<br>
>> internal organs.<br>
><br>
> That would give you some protection against ultraviolet light and maybe<br>
> even a little against soft X rays but no protection at all against the<br>
> most dangerous and hard to shield against type of radiation which isn't<br>
> electromagnetic at all, its high speed particles in the form of Cosmic<br>
> Rays.<br>
<br>
Yes. You are right and I am guilty of not properly explaining an idea that<br>
I have been kicking around for some time. That being how to best engineer<br>
and adapt humans to living in space for the long term. I imagined an<br>
offshoot of Homo sapiens called Homo radiodurans that would essentially be<br>
humans that had been genetically engineered to better survive the rigors<br>
of space travel and long term habitation.<br>
<br>
I named them for their resistance to radiation but I have imagined other<br>
adaptations as well. For example, they would be small by terrestrial<br>
standards perhaps 4 feet tall or so. Size is not an asset for people who<br>
live in cans. I also envision them being able to enter cryptobiotic<br>
suspension for long journeys and such.<br>
<br>
Homo radiodurans would owe its radiation resistance to being engineeered<br>
with specific genes from several known examples of extremophiles that can<br>
withstand several orders of magnitude more radiation than would be lethal<br>
for a human.<br>
<br>
You already know about the black melanin producing radiotrophic fungi that<br>
photosynthesize using x-rays and gamma rays and we might be be able to get<br>
away with simply over-expressing our own melanin genes. But you are right<br>
that such would be no defense for cosmic rays of the particulate variety.<br>
<br>
Therefore I have turned to other extremophiles such as tardigrades or<br>
"water bears" and the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, which inspired<br>
the name of these engineered humans, for solutions. Tardigrades are<br>
notable for having survived being directly exposed to the hard vacuum and<br>
radiation of space for several hours, so they would be the gold standard<br>
for what we could accomplish given the will to engineer our germline.<br>
<br>
Particulate radiation like high energy protons damage DNA by causing<br>
double stranded breaks and knocking electrons about generating reactive<br>
free radicals.<br>
<br>
Organisms that are highly resistant to radiation generally utilize a<br>
strategy of gene redundancy and extremely efficient DNA repair and free<br>
radical quenching. In other words, they have multiple copies of their<br>
chromosomes and several copies of every gene that encodes for DNA repair<br>
enzymes and antioxidant enzymes.<br>
<br>
Humans have DNA repair enzymes as well, but they are not as efficient or<br>
numerous as those of tardigrades. For example, humans have about 10<br>
varieties of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and enzyme that deactivates oxygen<br>
free radicals while tardigrades have 16.<br>
<br>
Tardigrades also have some unique DNA repair enzymes as well. One of which<br>
was actually already introduced into human cell lines a couple of years<br>
ago as reported in nature.<br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12808#f6" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12808#f6</a><br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.nature.com/news/tardigrade-protein-helps-human-dna-withstand-radiation-1.20648#/b1" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/news/tardigrade-protein-helps-human-dna-withstand-radiation-1.20648#/b1</a><br>
<br>
The upshot of the experiment is that the transfected gene protected the<br>
human cells from radiation that killed off the control cells. This is<br>
proof of principle that Homo radiodurans is at least theoretically<br>
possible.<br>
<br>
Other strategies would involve conditioning astronauts with gradually<br>
increasing dosages of radiation prior to sending them into space. There is<br>
some evidence that people can adapt to radiation in this fashion. The<br>
phenomenon is called radiation hormesis.<br>
<br>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_hormesis" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_hormesis</a><br>
<br>
However all these biological adaptations and strategies need to be used in<br>
conjunction with hardware like adequate shielding of spacecraft and<br>
habitations. At the end of the day, no matter what genes you have, a<br>
proton with the kinetic energy of major league fastball pitch is going to<br>
do some damage to your cells.<br>
<br>
Space is the most hostile environment we have ever faced. For that reason<br>
alone we must conquer it if for no other reason than to test ourselves<br>
against eternity.<br>
<br>
Stuart LaForge<br>
<br>
<br>
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</blockquote></div>