<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">On Tue, Dec 11, 2018 at 1:46 PM Stuart LaForge <</span><a href="mailto:avant@sollegro.com" target="_blank" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">avant@sollegro.com</a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">> wrote:</span><br></div><div class="gmail_quote">
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<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span><i>In wolves for example, typically only the dominant pair of alpha male and<br>
female breed.<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span>Why would the average (non-dominant) wolves in the pack allow this?</i></blockquote><div><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">A better example might be Elephant Seals, virtually all the females are in the alpha male's harem and no other male gets to breed. So if you're a young male what do you do? You could challenge the Alpha Male but you'd better be careful, if you dispose of the alpha male you gain a huge advantage in getting your genes into the next generation but because the stakes are so high Elephant Seal fights are particularly violent often ending in serious injury or death for the loser. And the Alpha Male is certain to be very large and tough, so unless you're certain you are even larger and tougher a better strategy for a young male might be to just wait for the alpha male to grow old and weak and challenge him then.</font></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><i>
<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>The upshot of the Nature article is that humans are about six times more<br>
likely than the average mammal to die by the actions of a member of our<br>
own species. Based upon paleontological and archaelogical evidence during<br>
the Stone Age about 3.5% of humans died by the hand of another human. This<br>
fluctuates throughout history, with a maximum during the middle ages where<br>
approximately 12% of humans died by another's hand.</i><br></blockquote><div><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">That's one reason I'm happy I'm not living in the middle ages. Today about .05% of people die by murder and .005% die in war. This is the least violent time in human history.</font></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span><i>For comparison, in chimps about 4.5% die from attacks by another chimp<br>
making them, humans, and baboons the bloodiest primates.</i></blockquote><div><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">But the typical social group for chimps is only about a hundred, if you tried to cram 30 million of them in an area the size of Tokyo they'd tear each other apart even if they had enough food.</font></div><div><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>So warfare among our hunter-gatherer ancestors was rarer than I had<br>
assumed.</blockquote><div><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">There are 30,000 year old cave paintings showing people being pierced by arrows and a 8000 year old painting in Spain of archers fighting each other:</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morella_(combate-de-arquero.png">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morella_(combate-de-arquero.png</a><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">John K Clark</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><br><br>
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