<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000">'DNA doesn't '"want" anything' - somebody said.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000">All random, eh? Well, just why doesn't DNA produce things like one ear smaller or some other thing that will not help or hurt survival? No, it has a plan. It tries to produce better parts than what it has got, and sometimes new parts to fit older systems, like its experiment with the appendix.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000">I think DNA is smart. I would not say aware or planning - that's teleological. But I just can't see it doing things randomly.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000">bill w</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Feb 8, 2019 at 11:30 AM Stuart LaForge <<a href="mailto:avant@sollegro.com">avant@sollegro.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><br>
Quoting John Clark:<br>
<br>
> True, but there is reason to think much of the genome really is <br>
> nothing but parasitical junk at least from our point of view; after <br>
> all the entire point of Evolution is to get genes duplicated and our <br>
> phenotype, aka our bodies, are just a means to that end. And the <br>
> fact that some very commonplace looking creatures can have a huge <br>
> genome gives support to the idea that there must be a lot of junk in <br>
> genomes.<br>
> The human genome has about 3 billion base pairs but a<br>
> Mexican salamander called a Axolotl has 32 billion base pairs, the <br>
> marbled lungfish has 130 billion base pairs, and a humdrum looking <br>
> Japanese flowering plant called Paris japonica has 150 base pairs, <br>
> 50 times the size of the human genome. It's hard to believe that <br>
> little bush or the body of a lungfish is inherently more complex <br>
> than a human even if its genome is.<br>
<br>
Yes, the C-value enigma still does not have a widely accepted <br>
solution. Even two related species in the same genus can differ wildly <br>
in the amount of DNA they have. Much of the controversy stems from the <br>
nuances of what constitutes "function" in biology.<br>
<br>
If you look at what percentage of the human genome is conserved across <br>
different individuals, then it is only 20% of the genome. One can <br>
safely assume that that 20% encodes vital functions that have been <br>
selected for as being necessary for survival and the other 80%, aside <br>
from the tiny fraction which accounts for phenotypic differences <br>
between individuals, could be thought of as parasitical junk.<br>
<br>
On the other hand, studies like the ENCODE project have found that if <br>
one defines function as binding to proteins found in the nucleus or <br>
being chemically modified, then 80% is functional and only 20% <br>
completely lacks a function.<br>
<br>
So much depends on how you define function but in the end, one does <br>
have a lot of extra DNA lying around in eukaryotic cells. Some <br>
important caveats however to the notion of junk DNA is that redundancy <br>
and mutation are the engines of evolutionary adaptation. The so called <br>
junk DNA varies widely between individuals because there is no <br>
selective pressure to conserve those sequences and so those sequences <br>
are free to silently mutate. Similarly if you have a redundant copy of <br>
a necessary gene, you can safely modify the copy without disrupting <br>
the function of the original.<br>
<br>
So perhaps junk DNA is what a programmer would call a "sandbox" where <br>
nature is free to experiment and innovate without disrupting crucial <br>
functions. I guess I am ok with the term junk DNA as long as one <br>
distinguishes between junk and trash. Trash is stuff you throw out <br>
while junk is stuff you keep because you hope to find a use for it <br>
someday.<br>
<br>
Stuart LaForge<br>
<br>
<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
extropy-chat mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" target="_blank">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a><br>
<a href="http://lists.extropy.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/extropy-chat" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://lists.extropy.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/extropy-chat</a><br>
</blockquote></div>