<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#000000">Perhaps they stimulated the ascending reticular activating system? RAS. bill w</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Feb 14, 2020 at 2:53 AM Stuart LaForge via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><br>
According to a study published in Neuron, the thalamus modulates <br>
consciousness. The thalamus is a small portion of the brain that is <br>
located just above the brain stem and is associated with relaying <br>
sensory information to the cerebral cortex. Experimenters found this <br>
out by anaesthetizing monkeys and electrically stimulating various <br>
portions of the brain. When the researchers stimulated their thalamus, <br>
the anaesthetized monkeys opened their eyes, reached for things, and <br>
acted like they were awake, but when the stimulation ceased, they went <br>
back to being unconscious.<br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(20)30005-2#secsectitle0025" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(20)30005-2#secsectitle0025</a><br>
<br>
Abstract:<br>
"Functional MRI and electrophysiology studies suggest that <br>
consciousness depends on large-scale thalamocortical and <br>
corticocortical interactions. However, it is unclear how neurons in <br>
different cortical layers and circuits contribute. We simultaneously <br>
recorded from central lateral thalamus (CL) and across layers of the <br>
frontoparietal cortex in awake, sleeping, and anesthetized macaques. <br>
We found that neurons in thalamus and deep cortical layers are most <br>
sensitive to changes in consciousness level, consistent across <br>
different anesthetic agents and sleep. Deep-layer activity is <br>
sustained by interactions with CL. Consciousness also depends on <br>
deep-layer neurons providing feedback to superficial layers (not to <br>
deep layers), suggesting that long-range feedback and intracolumnar <br>
signaling are important. To show causality, we stimulated CL in <br>
anesthetized macaques and effectively restored arousal and wake-like <br>
neural processing. This effect was location and frequency specific. <br>
Our findings suggest layer-specific thalamocortical correlates of <br>
consciousness and inform how targeted deep brain stimulation can <br>
alleviate disorders of consciousness."<br>
<br>
Popular science article:<br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.inverse.com/mind-body/tiny-area-of-the-brain-could-enable-consciousness" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.inverse.com/mind-body/tiny-area-of-the-brain-could-enable-consciousness</a><br>
<br>
Excerpt:<br>
"In a wild new experiment conducted on monkeys, scientists discovered <br>
that a tiny, but powerful area of the brain may enable consciousness: <br>
the central lateral thalamus. Activation of the central lateral <br>
thalamus and deep layers of the cerebral cortex drives pathways in the <br>
brain that carry information between the parietal and frontal lobe in <br>
the brain, the study suggests.<br>
<br>
This brain circuit works as a sort-of “engine for consciousness,” the <br>
researchers say, enabling conscious thought and feeling in primates.<br>
<br>
To zero in on this brain circuit, a scientific team put macaque <br>
monkeys under anesthesia, then stimulated different parts of their <br>
brain with electrodes at a frequency of 50 Hertz. Essentially, they <br>
zapped different areas of the brain and observed how the monkeys <br>
responded. When the central lateral thalamus was stimulated, the <br>
monkeys woke up and their brain function resumed — even though they <br>
were STILL UNDER ANESTHESIA. Seconds after the scientists switched off <br>
the stimulation, the monkeys went right back to sleep."<br>
<br>
Stuart LaForge<br>
<br>
<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
extropy-chat mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" target="_blank">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a><br>
<a href="http://lists.extropy.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/extropy-chat" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://lists.extropy.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/extropy-chat</a><br>
</blockquote></div>