<div dir="ltr">if the brain doesn't have the ability to recondition itself then maybe this game of life is in fact all a predetermined outcome? </div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Apr 19, 2020 at 12:41 AM Rafal Smigrodzki via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, Apr 18, 2020 at 7:17 AM Kunvar Thaman <<a href="mailto:f20170964@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in" target="_blank">f20170964@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">The convergence of GANs is still not proved, correct?</div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>### Explain?</div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>>As the brain matures in contact with the real world, each of the pre-wired layers is then fleshed out, and thanks to the pre-wired scaffold the amount of data needed to optimize each layer is low.</div><div><br></div><div>We don't yet know distributed information is coded in brains, but we do know that the cortex is not so specialized as to be able to represent only one modality in one region. For example, consider experiments of re-wiring to enable seeing with tongue, etc. So, is it pre-wired, really?</div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>### Yes, the cortex has a relatively uniform general wiring pattern throughout, and many cortical areas can take on tasks that are different from their usual ones. However, you need to consider the larger picture, of which the cortex is but one part.</div><div><br></div><div>Our nervous system is much more than the cortex, most of it is hardwired or partially hardwired. The pattern of nuclei and tracts within the spinal cord, brainstem and the peripheral nervous system is coded in the genome, with automated routines achieving connection milestones well before birth. This is why babies in the womb kick - they are calibrating the reciprocal reflexive connections within the spinal cord. The pattern of connections in the basal ganglia is very complex and innate. The cortex cannot work at all without a huge amount of input from the basal ganglia - if your caudate or thalamus are destroyed, you become severely demented, even if the cortex is untouched. </div><div><br></div><div>And of course, the ability of one cortical area to learn different tasks does not mean that all cortical areas are computationally equivalent. While the general pattern of short intracortical connections is as I said relatively uniform, there is variability, not as much as the differences between various subcortical structures but still substantial. If you look at the cortex under the microscope, which is a very crude tool, you can already discern a lot of subtle variability (Broadman's cortical areas), and the closer you look, using various functional techniques, the more complex it is. The wiring pattern for the macaque visual cortex has more than a hundred distinct functional parts, and it's just a very small part of the overall structure. Some of that is likely to be encoded genetically, with a suite of task-specific connection patterns (routines) ready to be deployed in a cortical area, and the specific routine depending on pattern of input from basal ganglia. This accounts for the ability to re-wire sensory areas to respond to different formats of sensory input (visual, tactile, etc.) and it is still pre-wired, in the genome.</div><div><br></div><div>It is estimated that the brain contains more than 10,000 distinct types of neurons and hundreds of thousands of distinct neuroanatomical areas. But this is not all - the pattern of connections between cortical areas is also very non-random. There are hundreds of thousands of tracts connecting different areas of the cortex, and many of these connections are under close genetic (i.e. pre-wired) control. For example, disruption of the Foxp2 gene causes a language development impairment due to mis-wired connections to and from the Broca's area. Doubtless there are thousands of other specific genetically determined connections within the cortex.</div><div><br></div><div>This clearly shows that the cortex does not just wire itself up from scratch, like deep-learning networks did when research on them started years ago. The cortex is built atop a huge hardwired pile of complex computing machinery, it is dependent on the pre-processed input from that machinery and it relies on a lot of hardwired machinery to process its outputs. Intracortical connections are also pre-wired and genetically controlled, not relying on a uniform simple algorithm for creating connections.</div><div><br></div><div>------------------------------------------</div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>What do you mean pre-wired? Our brains are constantly changing, in fact, every bye of information you process causes a physical change in the brain structure.</div><div><br></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>### As I was explaining above, by "pre-wired" I mean the complex pattern of nuclei and tracts throughout the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia that is largely or even exclusively genetically determined, as well as the more responsive to experience but still genetically planned pattern of connections within the cortex. The process of individual learning changes very little on the general wiring pattern, instead works on the microscale of individual synapses and cortical columns. This is a bit analogous to hardware and software in a computer. The general inherited (genetic) wiring pattern is the hardware, and individual synapse creation in response to various inputs is analogous to software.</div><div><br></div><div>In this analogy, the contest between modern deep learning systems and biological brains is like a contest between a general software emulation competing against a hardware-accelerated machine highly optimized for a complex task. You need stupendous general computing power to develop an emulator capable of outrunning a task-oriented hardware accelerated machine.</div><div><br></div><div>Rafal</div></div></div>
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