<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><span style="border-collapse:separate"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><span style="border-collapse:separate"><div style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">To clarify my comment below, I didn't mean the proto-biolgical building blocks that have been observed, such as R,S-glycine, R,S-alanine, adenine, ribose, and their friends; or the simple protenoids and polypeptides - those building blocks of biology can and do spontaneouly form. I meant higher-order biologial molecles like, I dunno, hydrolases, or NADPH synthases, biologcally active structures like that. </div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">-R</div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">-----<snip>-------</div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">I have never seen evidence of the spontaneous formation in the galaxy of even biological-like molecules (like an ATPase or something), much less functional ones.</div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">------<snap>------</div><div dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small"><span style="border-collapse:separate"><br></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small"><span style="border-collapse:separate">--------------------------------------------</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small"><span style="border-collapse:separate">Message: 12<br>Date: Fri, 1 May 2020 22:31:29 -0400<br>From: Rafal Smigrodzki <<a href="mailto:rafal.smigrodzki@gmail.com" target="_blank">rafal.smigrodzki@gmail.com</a>><br>To: ExI chat list <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" target="_blank">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>><br>Subject: [ExI] Boltzmann brains<br>Message-ID:<br>        <CAAc1gFhmoEPHoMjhenYskn1TeTy+q4ooYseZOM6iPO=<a href="mailto:HgjjLyA@mail.gmail.com" target="_blank">HgjjLyA@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br><br>It occurred to me today that Wolfram's hypergraph theory offers a solution to the paradox of Boltzmann brains.<div style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></span></div><div style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">Boltzmann brains show up when you contemplate sufficiently large numbers of </span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">fluctuating physical entities (atoms, molecules), where any physically </span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">possible arrangement of molecules eventually happens by some random </span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">aggregation of molecules. </span></div><div style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></span></div><div style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">The theorists assume that the likelihood of a </span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">particular arrangement of smaller entities coming "randomly" into existence i</span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">s a more or less simple function of the number of entities needed to form </span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">that arrangement. </span></div><div style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></span></div><div style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">Since it takes a lot fewer atoms to make a brain than </span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">needed to make a galaxy, brains just randomly forming and miserably and </span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">almost immediately expiring somewhere in the universe should outnumber </span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">galaxies randomly forming in that universe by some hundreds of orders of </span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">magnitude. </span></div></span></div></div></span></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>