<div><br></div><div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, 5 May 2020 at 16:47, Rafal Smigrodzki via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, May 5, 2020 at 2:21 AM Stathis Papaioannou <<a href="mailto:stathisp@gmail.com" target="_blank">stathisp@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)"><div><br></div><div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, 5 May 2020 at 15:55, Rafal Smigrodzki via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" target="_blank">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, May 3, 2020 at 11:31 AM John Clark via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" target="_blank">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:</div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div><br></div><div><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></span><font size="4" style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">We have infinity to work with if Hugh Everett's Many Worlds interpretation of Quantum Mechanics is correct, or if Eternal Inflation is right, and if the inflationary model of the Big Bang is right then Eternal Inflation probably is too. And even if none of that is true and the universe is finite in the past dimension it could still have a infinite eternal future.</font></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>### For the Boltzmann brain idea to be a paradox you need to consider not so much the size of the universe (or multiverse), as the density of biological vs Boltzmann brains per unit of volume. Using a simplistic approach, biological brains that are a part of larger entities (such as galaxies) should be much less common per unit of volume, than Boltzmann brains, since the former require many more atoms to come together.</div><div><br></div><div>As I mentioned elsewhere, the resolution of the paradox is that galaxies and biological brains (but not Boltzmann brains) are created by physical law, not randomly, so their density is dictated by physical law and cannot be easily simplistically deduced from the number of moving parts inside them.</div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It could be that, as you say, regular brains are more likely than Boltzmann brains, but the problem is that in some cosmological models Boltzmann brains are more likely. These cosmological models otherwise seem reasonable; should they be rejected on the grounds that Boltzmann brains are absurd?</div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div></div></div></div>
</blockquote></div></div><br></blockquote><div>### Which cosmological models make Boltzmann brains more likely, and how?</div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Here is a paper co-authored by several eminent cosmologists:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto" style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)">“The simplest interpretation of the observed accelerating expansion of the universe is that it is driven by a constant vacuum energy density ρΛ, which is about three times greater than the present density of nonrelativistic matter. While ordinary matter becomes more dilute as the universe expands, the vacuum energy density remains the same, and in another ten billion years or so the universe will be completely dominated by vacuum energy. The subsequent evolution of the universe is accurately described as de Sitter space.</div><div dir="auto" style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)">It was shown by Gibbons and Hawking [1] that an observer in de Sitter space would detect thermal radiation with a characteristic temperature TdS = HΛ/2π, where</div><div dir="auto" style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)">HΛ =8πGρΛ (1) 3</div><div dir="auto" style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)">is the de Sitter Hubble expansion rate. For the observed value of ρΛ, the de Sitter temperature is extremely low, TdS = 2.3 × 10−30 K. Nevertheless, complex structures will occasionally emerge from the vacuum as quantum fluctuations, at a small but nonzero rate per unit space-time volume. An intelligent observer, like a human, could be one such structure. Or, short of a complete observer, a disembodied brain may fluctuate into existence, with a pattern of neuron firings creating a perception of be- ing on Earth and, for example, observing the cosmic mi- crowave background radiation. Such freak observers are collectively referred to as “Boltzmann brains” [2, 3]. Of course, the nucleation rate ΓBB of Boltzmann brains is extremely small, its magnitude depending on how one defines a Boltzmann brain. The important point, however, is that ΓBB is always nonzero.</div><div dir="auto" style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)">De Sitter space is eternal to the future. Thus, if the accelerating expansion of the universe is truly driven by the energy density of a stable vacuum state, then Boltzmann brains will eventually outnumber normal observers, no matter how small the value of ΓBB [4, 7, 5, 8, 9] might be.</div><div dir="auto" style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br></div><div dir="auto" style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)"><div><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/0808.3778.pdf">https://arxiv.org/pdf/0808.3778.pdf</a></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">There are other models, such as eternal inflation, where Boltzmann brains may predominate.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Most physicists see it as a problem with their theories, but on its own it doesn’t seem to be enough to dismiss a theory, unlike, say, an astronomical prediction that turns out to be wrong.</div><br></div></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div></div></div></div>
</blockquote></div></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">Stathis Papaioannou</div>