<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div style=""><div dir="auto" style=""><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><font size="4" style=""><b style="">I asked Open AI's GPT the following question. I asked the question because </b></font><b style="font-size:large">OpenAI released Sora-2 three days ago and it's super good at making deep fakes. </b></font></div><div dir="auto" style=""><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><font size="4" style=""><b><br></b></font><font size="4" style=""><b>"Would it be possible theoretically for a video camera to digitally sign the time signal from the National Bureau of Standards and GPS information so that you could prove that a video file was created at a specific time and at a specific place and was exactly the same information as what the camera recorded and had not been edited? I ask this because I think deep fakes are going to become a big problem."</b></font></font><h1 style=""><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">GPT gave me the following answer: </font></h1><div><font size="4">--</font></div><div style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Short answer</span></div><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Yes — <strong>in principle</strong> a camera can produce cryptographically signed video files that prove <em>when</em> and <em>where</em> they were recorded and that the file matches what the camera captured (i.e., has not been altered). Doing that securely in practice requires careful hardware, cryptography, and anti-spoofing measures; without those, attackers (or clever deep-fake creators) can still defeat the system.</p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Below I give a practical architecture, how verification works, the main failure modes, and realistic mitigations.</p><hr style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><h1 style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">How it would work (high level)</h1><ol style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Trusted hardware root-of-trust</strong> in the camera (a secure element or TPM) holds a private key that never leaves the device.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>At capture time the camera:</p><ul><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Records the raw sensor data (frames) and metadata (timestamp, GPS fix, IMU readings, camera settings).</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Computes cryptographic digests (hashes) of the raw data in small chunks (e.g., per frame or per second).</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Attaches metadata (time, GPS coordinates, firmware version, monotonic counter, device ID).</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Signs those digests+metadata with the device private key (e.g., ECDSA or Ed25519 on SHA-256).</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Optionally writes hashes into an append-only local log and transmits the log to an external witness / timestamping service (see below).</p></li></ul></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>The camera outputs a <strong>signed video bundle</strong> that contains the video frames (or encoded stream), the metadata, signatures, and the device certificate chain (public key certs).</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>To verify later, a verifier checks:</p><ul><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>The signature is valid under the device public key.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>The device certificate is trusted (issued by a known CA or manufacturer).</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>The timestamp and GPS claims are consistent with other records (witness servers, block anchors, IMU).</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>The video frames match the signed hashes (so no editing occurred).</p></li></ul></li></ol><hr style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><h1 style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Concrete components (recommended)</h1><ul style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Secure element</strong> (hardware root-of-trust): stores private key and performs signing operations.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Monotonic counter / secure clock</strong>: prevents replay of old signatures and provides tamper-evidence.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Signed metadata per chunk</strong>: include (frame-range, SHA-256(frame data), timestamp, latitude, longitude, altitude, IMU snapshot, firmware hash, counter).</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Chain-of-hashes</strong>: link chunk i to i-1 by including previous chunk hash in the next signed metadata (hash chain) so removal/re-ordering is detectable.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>External time/witnessing</strong>:</p><ul><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Send periodic signed digests (or full signed metadata) to one or more independent servers (over TLS) that log the receipt time; this provides an external timestamp and cross-check.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Optionally anchor digests to a public append-only ledger (e.g., a blockchain or public notarization service) so signatures can be independently verified later even if device is destroyed.</p></li></ul></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Certificate management</strong>:</p><ul><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Each device has a certificate signed by a manufacturer CA (or trusted PKI).</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Include certificate revocation checking (OCSP/CRL) for long-term validity claims.</p></li></ul></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>GNSS anti-spoofing / multi-source positioning</strong>:</p><ul><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Use GNSS receiver that supports anti-spoofing or authenticated GNSS when available.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Cross-check GPS with IMU/vision-based odometry and with network-based location when online.</p></li></ul></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Forensic metadata</strong>:</p><ul><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Include raw sensor noise fingerprint, lens parameters, EXIF-like details that are hard to fabricate precisely.</p></li></ul></li></ul><hr style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><h1 style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Example of a signed chunk (illustrative JSON)</h1><pre style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><div><div><div><div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><code>{
"device_id": "CAM12345",
"chunk_index": 42,
"timestamp_utc": "2025-10-03T12:34:56Z",
"gps": {"lat": 40.7128, "lon": -74.0060, "alt": 10.2},
"imu": {"accel": [...], "gyro": [...]},
"frame_hash": "sha256:3a7bd3...",
"prev_hash": "sha256:9f2c1b...",
"firmware_hash": "sha256:ab12cd...",
"monotonic_counter": 1024,
"signature": "ecdsa-secp256r1:3045..."
}
</code></div></div></pre><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">(Verifier would check <code>signature</code> using the device public key, ensure <code>frame_hash</code> matches the file, confirm <code>prev_hash</code> chains, and validate certificate status.)</p><hr style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><h1 style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Verification steps an auditor would perform</h1><ol style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Verify signature(s) with the public key included in the device certificate chain.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Validate the certificate chain to a trusted root and check for revocation.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Recompute hashes of the video frames. Confirm they match the signed <code>frame_hash</code> values and that hash chain is intact.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Compare timestamps and GPS to external witnesses (server receipts, network logs) and to the device’s IMU/vision consistency.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Check firmware hash and device provenance to detect a tampered camera.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>If anchored to a public ledger, verify the digest appears at the stated ledger time.</p></li></ol><hr style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><h1 style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Main attack/failure modes (and mitigations)</h1><ul style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Private key compromise</strong>: if attacker extracts the device private key they can sign fakes.<br><em>Mitigation:</em> secure element, tamper-evident hardware, key destruction on tamper detection, certificate revocation.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>GPS spoofing</strong>: attacker can feed fake GNSS signals to claim a false location/time.<br><em>Mitigation:</em> GNSS anti-spoofing, cross-check with IMU and external witnesses, multiple positioning sources.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Pre-recording / staging</strong>: video could be recorded earlier and only signed later, or a fake staged event could be captured by a compromised camera.<br><em>Mitigation:</em> real-time external challenge-response: require the camera to include unpredictable external data (a nonce) from a trusted server at capture time; or streaming signed frames to a separate server that records the receipt time.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Firmware compromise</strong>: a malicious firmware could sign doctored content.<br><em>Mitigation:</em> secure boot, firmware attestations, signed firmware images and inclusion of firmware hash in signatures.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Chain-of-custody / legal admissibility</strong>: even technical proof may be disputed in court if the PKI, manufacturer practices, or witness services are untrusted.<br><em>Mitigation:</em> well-documented standards, independent audits, multiple independent witnesses.</p></li></ul><hr style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><h1 style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Practicality & realism</h1><ul style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Technically feasible now: many building blocks exist (secure elements, digital signatures, timestamping services).</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Deploying this broadly is an engineering + policy effort: manufacturers must include secure hardware, certificate infrastructure, anti-spoofing features, and accepted auditing standards.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Even with perfect signing, signatures prove the camera <em>produced</em> and <em>signed</em> the bits at a claimed time/location — they don't prove the <em>semantics</em> (that what appears in the frame is an uncontrived or non-staged event). Human context and corroborating evidence remain important.</p></li></ul><hr style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><h1 style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Additional strong protections you can add</h1><ul style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Live streaming of signed frames</strong> to an independent server (witness) prevents post-capture tampering and gives a realtime external log.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Multi-party notarization</strong>: have multiple unrelated servers each log the digest — increases difficulty for attacker to fake all witnesses.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Randomized visible challenge</strong>: the verifier or witness server issues a random code that the camera must visibly display (or incorporate into audio/visual) and sign; this proves liveness and synchrony.</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p><strong>Public anchoring</strong>: anchor chunk hashes daily to a public immutable ledger for long-term proof.</p></li></ul><hr style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><h1 style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Bottom line</h1><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Yes, you can make video files that are <strong>cryptographically provably</strong> the exact bytes a camera produced at a claimed time and place — provided the camera’s hardware, firmware, and the ecosystem (PKI, witnesses, anti-spoofing) are trustworthy. That system raises the bar substantially against deepfakes and post-capture edits, but it is <strong>not</strong> a perfect silver bullet: attackers who compromise keys, firmware, or the capture process itself (staging, spoofing) can still produce convincing fakes. Strong system design (secure hardware, external witnesses, anti-spoofing, and audited procedures) is required to make such proofs robust in practice.</p><hr style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">If you’d like, I can:</p><ul style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Draft a short technical spec for a “forensic-signing camera” (interfaces, signed bundle format, certificate lifecycle), or</p></li><li style="margin-left:15px"><p>Produce a sample verifier script (pseudocode/JSON examples) that demonstrates how to check signatures and hashes. Which would you prefer?</p></li></ul></div></div><div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></div><div style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><div><div style="color:rgb(80,0,80)"><b><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><font size="4">John K Clark </font></font></b></div></div></div></div></div>