<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">On Sun, Nov 2, 2025 at 3:49 PM <</span><a href="mailto:spike@rainier66.com" target="_blank" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">spike@rainier66.com</a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">> wrote:</span></div></div><div class="gmail_quote"><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div><div lang="EN-US"><div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><i><font face="georgia, serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">></span>A None of those elements’ magnetic properties are significant enough to matter.</font></i></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><font size="4"><b>Spike, wishing does not make it true.<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span></b></font></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div><div lang="EN-US"><div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><b> </b><i><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>It’s the iron which does the magnetic magic. The trace of heavies are just there to control the crystal growth in the iron. They are catalysts. They really are mostly interchangeable. </i></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>No they are not interchangeable. Neodymium and <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">S</span>amarium exhibit stronger magnetism in certain directions than others because electrons in their atom's 4f shell (which are not valence electrons which cause chemical properties) are unevenly distributed. This directionality can coordinate the fields of other metals, like iron or cobalt, to produce magnetic fields that are much more powerful than any other magnet can. But from an economic and political viewpoint it really doesn't matter WHY rare earth elements are needed to make the best magnets, the important fact is that they DO matter.</b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote"><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div><div lang="EN-US"><div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><i style=""><font face="georgia, serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>We can make good magnets without the rare earths.</font></i></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>Perhaps there is a way to <span class="gmail_default" style="">make </span>intensely powerful magnets without using such exotic elements<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">, </span><span class="gmail_default" style=""></span>but if there is<span class="gmail_default" style=""> search a way </span>nobody has found it yet,<span class="gmail_default" style=""> if somebody had it would be a trillion dollar Nobel prize deserving discovery and you and I and the entire world would certainly know about it. </span> </b></font></div><div><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="EN-US"><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:16pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span></span><font face="georgia, serif" style="" size="4"><i style="">How about lutetium? That one isn’t even radioactive, but if you saw the chemical symbol Lu, you would guess someone is putting you on. But there it is, right there between ytterbium and Hafnium. Chemistry hipsters, how many of you have ever worked with lutetium? Neither have I.</i></font></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>What's your point? Some people <span class="gmail_default" style="">have </span>specialized in the rare earth<span class="gmail_default" style=""> elements</span> during their entire scientific career<span class="gmail_default" style="">,</span> and I'm sure for some of them their PhD was a study of how lutetium behaves under various conditions. Incidentally lutetium is one of the rarest of the rare earths but even so it's much more common than silver, and that fact tells you that the important thing is not rare earth mines, it's rare earth refineries<span class="gmail_default" style="">.</span></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif" size="4"><b><br></b></font><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="EN-US"><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><i style=""><font face="georgia, serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>But for the application where a lot of the material is used (generators and turbines) the density doesn’t matter anyway. </font></i></span></p></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>Density doesn't matter but weight does matter in wind turbines and cars and aircraft and drones and robots. Just one F-35 fighter jet contains about 900 pounds of rare earth metals<span class="gmail_default" style="">, and</span> an ultra modern<span class="gmail_default" style=""> </span>Virginia-class attack submarine <span class="gmail_default" style="">needs</span> 9,200<span class="gmail_default" style=""> pounds. </span>Even the phone in your pocket would be larger and heavier than it is now without rare earth metals. <br></b></font><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"> </span></b><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="EN-US"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><i style=""><font face="georgia, serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>China’s motors are not better enough to cover the cost of shipping them here.</font></i></span></p></div></blockquote><div><br></div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>That's not true, or rather it wasn't true until He Who Must Not Be Named astronomically huge and completely<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span>idiotic tariffs came along. <br></b></font><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="EN-US"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><i style=""><font face="georgia, serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>your confidence appears to be unjustifiable arrogance. </font></i></span></p></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>I'm sorry if I sound arrogant<span class="gmail_default" style="">,</span><span class="gmail_default" style=""> but you keep making statements that scientifically are objectively false, and that can be frustrating. </span> </b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><br></b></font></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><i style=""><font face="georgia, serif">The only industry I can see which is seriously impacted is one we don’t really need: wind turbine manufacturers. </font></i></span></blockquote><div><br></div><font size="4"><b style=""><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">China certainly believes that they need wind turbines because they're building them for their own use at a furious rate, and that rate is increasing. Today China generates 490 gigawatts of electricity from wind power, and they plan to produce 1300 gigawatts by 2030. A typical nuclear power plant produces about 1 gigawatt.</font><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> </span><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">You Know Who hates wind power because he believes "</font><i style=""><font face="arial black, sans-serif">the windmills are driving the whales crazy, obviously<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></span></font></i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">", but I assume that is not the reason you dislike it, please correct me if I'm wrong. </font></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default" style=""><br></span></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default" style="">John K Clark</span></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote"><div><br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="EN-US"><div><blockquote style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:1pt solid rgb(204,204,204);padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in"><div><div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote></div></div>
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