<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Nov 7, 2025 at 10:00 AM <<a href="mailto:spike@rainier66.com">spike@rainier66.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif"><i><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>Columbus had no way of knowing about the Pacific ocean, but he was a sailor, so he knew approximately the circumference of the globe.</i></span></blockquote><div><br></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>I don't think Columbus <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">knew</span> <span class="gmail_default" style="">the circumference of the globe nearly as well as the ancient Greeks did</span><span class="gmail_default" style="">, if he did he would've never sailed west and the king of Spain didn't either or he would've never given the money to make that voyage possible. Suppose north and South America did not exist and there was nothing but ocean between Portugal and India, Columbus and his entire crew would've starved to death because they did not have nearly enough provisions to make a journey of that length. Even if he didn't have access to the Greek knowledge he was a navigator so he could've repeated the same experiment that they had performed, it's not difficult. And Claude agrees with me. I asked him (her? it?) the following question: </span> </b></font></div><div><br></div><font face="tahoma, sans-serif" size="4"><b><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Me: </span>On Christopher Columbus's first voyage did he know how big the Earth was? I don't think he did because if north and south America didn't exist and there was nothing but ocean between Portugal and India he didn't have enough provisions to make a voyage of that length.</b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><p class="gmail-whitespace-normal gmail-break-words"><font size="4"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Claude: </span>You're absolutely right, and this is one of the most interesting misconceptions about Columbus's voyage!</font></p>
<p class="gmail-whitespace-normal gmail-break-words"><font size="4">Columbus actually <strong>underestimated</strong> the Earth's size quite significantly. The accurate circumference of Earth had been known since ancient times - the Greek mathematician Eratosthenes calculated it remarkably accurately around 240 BCE. By Columbus's time, educated Europeans had a pretty good idea that Earth was about 25,000 miles around.</font></p>
<p class="gmail-whitespace-normal gmail-break-words"><font size="4">But Columbus rejected these calculations. He relied on smaller estimates and also dramatically overestimated how far east Asia extended. He thought the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan was only about 3,000-4,000 miles of ocean, when in reality it's more like 12,000 miles.</font></p>
<p class="gmail-whitespace-normal gmail-break-words"><font size="4">You've identified exactly why this matters: <strong>Columbus's voyage only succeeded because the Americas happened to be there</strong>. If the world had been as he imagined it - just open ocean between Europe and Asia - his crew would have run out of food and water long before reaching Asia, and they likely would have perished at sea.</font></p>
<p class="gmail-whitespace-normal gmail-break-words"><font size="4">This is actually why Columbus had such difficulty getting funding initially. Portuguese experts, who had better calculations, correctly told him his distance estimates were wrong and that such a voyage across open ocean would be impossible. Spain eventually funded him partly because they had less to lose after Portugal had secured the African route to Asia.</font></p>
<p class="gmail-whitespace-normal gmail-break-words"><font size="4">So Columbus was operating on flawed geography, got incredibly lucky that a continent was in his way, and spent the rest of his life insisting he'd reached Asia anyway, not realizing he'd found something entirely unexpected.</font></p><p class="gmail-whitespace-normal gmail-break-words"><font size="4"><span class="gmail_default" style=""><b style=""><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">John K Clark</font></b></span><br></font></p></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><br></div></div>