<div dir="auto"><div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Mar 22, 2026, 10:02 AM Ben Zaiboc via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">On 22/03/2026 11:33, Jason Resch wrote:<br>
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> On Sun, Mar 22, 2026, 6:11 AM Ben Zaiboc via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br>
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> I thought it might be worth giving a background to my answers to certain questions, as they seem to be less obvious than I think they should be.<br>
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> As far as I understand, we have a number of mental models that implement 'theory of mind': the ability to predict what other people are thinking, so as to better anticipate their actions. You could think of these as being models of other people. At some point in our evolution, we developed a model like this that was used to refer to 'this person' (the system containing the model), rather than others, so it became self-referential. This is what we call self-awareness, and leads us to say things like 'me', 'my mind', etc., and to regard ourselves as a distinct individual. (Maybe this is the answer to the question "How do I know I am me?").<br>
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> Yes, words like me, now, and here, are all self-referential, or rather indexical. They are also are apt to lead to illusions whenever one believes they represent some privileged aspect of reality rather than just one of many equally valid frames.<br>
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What does 'privileged aspect of reality' mean?<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It refers to a belief that some aspect of reality is special in a way that others are not. E.g. believing other times or places don't exist, thinking earth is the center of the universe, thinking only certain bodies can be the center of your subjective experience.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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How can "me" represent one of many equally valid frames? (and what do you mean by 'frame'?)<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I clarify this below.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> If you think "this branch" of the multiverse is the only real one (all the others collapsed and ceased to be because you no longer see them) that leads to the illusion of wave function collapse and the Copenhagen interpretation (or other single universe maintaining interpretations).<br>
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I don't have any opinions about the multiverse. Maybe it means something, maybe not, maybe what it means actually exists, maybe not. I don't know, and don't really care. Let's leave the multiverse out of things.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">You need not adopt any position here, it is only an example to illustrate the power of what I call indexical illusions. Many physicists today remain stuck in single universe interpretations, even though they make no sense physically (the equations tell rather plainly that QM is a multiverse theory) but they feel compelled to add the further uneccessry assumption that those other branches, which they can't see from this branch, ceased to be.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I have a pet theory that this is a hold over from how "object permanence" has to be learned by experience.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> Likewise if you think "this time" in history is the only real one (the others ceased to be in the past, or remain in an unrealized future) this leads to the illusion of presentism.<br>
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I don't know what this even means.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The definitions in this article should help:</div><div dir="auto"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/time/#H14">https://iep.utm.edu/time/#H14</a></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">There are also Wikipedia articles:</div><div dir="auto"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_presentism">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_presentism</a></div><div dir="auto"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)</a></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Essentially it is a question in the philosophy of time whether all points in time exist (and the flow of time is a subjective phenomenon) or whether the flow of time is objectively real, and the present is an objective parameter of the universe.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The philosophy of time is a rare example where a final resolution to this paradox came out of fundamental physics:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">"I conclude that the problem of the reality and the determinateness of future events is now solved. Moreover it is solved by physics and not by philosophy. We have learned that we live in a four-dimensional and not a three-dimensional world, and that space and time–or, better, space-like separations and time-like separations–are just two aspects of a single four-dimensional continuum."</div><div dir="auto">-- Hilary Putnam, Time and Physical Geometry (1967)</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> Finally, if you think "this consciousness experience I find myself in" (my body, my mind, my conscious state) is the only "me" and all the rest are others who are not you, this leads to the illusion of some unique transtemporal identity marker tied to some particular body/mind, i.e. closed individualism.<br>
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I reject dualism, so "this consciousness experience I find myself in" is a misleading statement. What it translates to is "I".<br>
"I am the only me" is a sentence, I can admit that, but so is "What's the difference between a duck?". I can understand "I=I", although there's absolutely no need to or point in stating it.<br>
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"transtemporal identity marker" seems to be a fancy way of saying "oneself". I think (could you bring yourself, do you think, to use plain ordinary language instead of these florid and confusing phrases?). "Transtemporal", meaning 'through time', contributes nothing, because nobody exists only for one single moment of time (one planck time), then ceases to exist. (And if you're going to ask "How do you know?", I'm going to ignore it).<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Once there is the notion of the *same self* existing *across times*, and *across consciousness states* then you can no longer say such things like "I am the only me" because what you mean by "I" is something different from moment to moment.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">You can be consistent in saying "I am the only me" if you reject transtemporal identity, and limit oneself to only a single conscious state in a single moment in time. This is empty individualism.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Given that you reject this position, saying "nobody exists only for one single moment of time" then the question that follows is: what must be preserved for one to survive from one moment to the next?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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"Tied to some particular body/mind", well that's another non-sequitur. The self-referential agent model that is the cause of 'I' has to exist in a mind, and bodies (or at least one bodily organ) are necessary for the production of minds.<br>
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So you seem to be saying that "I=I" (which is just "I") is an illusion (I'm not arguing with that, but I suppose it depends on your definition of 'illusion'. Daniel Dennet says that consciousness is an illusion, as well), and that this is called 'closed individualism'.<br>
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So 'closed individualism' is a fancy way of saying 'I exist'. Ok.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Closed individualism is a way of saying:</div><div dir="auto">"I _exist_ in *these* conscious moments but I _don't exist_ in *these other* consciousness moments."</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Closed individualism is thereby privileging some conscious moments as special (saying only some are associated with I).</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">This privileging is what I am calling out as based on an illusion, in the same way some privileged the present moment in time over all other equally valid and equally real points in time (or rather, slices through spacetime).</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> Seeing through this illusion that there's some transtemporal identity marker privileging some perspectives as me, and others as not me, leads to the idea that all conscious experiences are equally mine since every experience is felt as though it is mine to those finding themselves within that conscious state.<br>
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'Seeing through "I exist"'? I don't know what to make of that.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">No, seeing through the illusion there some conscious experiences are privileged.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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I think you're now saying that because there's me, and there's other people, that leads to the idea that I can experience what those other people experience, because I have my own experiences, and each of the other people has their own experiences.<br>
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Can you now see why I think this is nonsense? It's just playing with words.</blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I agree that what you type above is nonsense. I don't know how to make sense of it. It is not a position I am defending.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">What I am saying is the self vs. other distinction is illusory. It is based on the idea that of the set of all conscious experiences, only some of them are blessed with the label as "mine."</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">You acknowledge that duplicates, in different bodies, with different contents of experience, different recent memories, etc. can all validly be regarded as self, that their experiences are your experiences. Given this flexibility, by what rule do you distinguish (out of the set of all possible experiences) are the ones that belong to you vs. the experiences that don't belong to you?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Open-individualism is the view that there is no such rule, nor is there any need of one. It is an unnecessary additional assumption that adds nothing to the theory, and which the theory neither needs nor asks for.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> Because each person can say the same thing (I experience things) there is only one I?<br>
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We could also say that because there are many shiny things, there is only one shinyness. It would be wrong, of course, but we could say it.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I heard this analogy which might be instructive: "We are the flame, not the candles."</div><div dir="auto">There may be many candles out there in the world, but the flame on each of them is a common trait in all of them.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I think that analogy helps explain what I am saying:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Across reality, there are many bodies, many minds, and many conscious states. But what is common to each of them is that each is experienced as directly and as vividly as the conscious experience you are having right now. Other experiences have different contents and contexts, but they all have this property of direct and immediate apprehension, they are thus equally privileged as centers of experience. Try each have within them what is required to be "I".</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> If Occam is your guiding principle, note that in every case we dispense with an indexical illusion, we eliminate assumptions and simplify the theory.<br>
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There's more than one 'indexical illusion'?<br>
You need to explain what that actually means, because I don't know.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Presentist theories of time</div><div dir="auto">Collapse theories of QM</div><div dir="auto">Closed individualism theories of self</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">These are all cases of indexical illusions.</div><div dir="auto">I explained each of these at the beginning of this email.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> "My personal identity" is another, more long-winded, way of saying the same thing: It's a way of referring to ourselves.<br>
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> So if we have a Philosophy of mind, it will naturally include this concept of personal identity, or self. There's no need for an additional Philosophy to just deal with that single aspect of minds. We don't have an additional 'philosophy of memory', and a 'philosophy of attention', 'philosophy of sensory perception', etc., etc., just as we have Geology instead of a collection of '-ologys' dealing separately with mountains, rivers, seabeds, alluvial plains, etc.<br>
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> Creating an extra, unnecessary field of philosophy for this particular aspect of the mind but not others, strikes me as motivated by dualism. I'm inclined to label it as a type of crypto-dualism.<br>
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> Whether you acknowledge it or not, having a position in philosophy of personal identity is unavoidable, once one commits to an opinion on whether or not you survive any particular scenario.<br>
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Only if you acknowledge the validity of 'philosophy of personal identity' in the first place.<br>
If I think that the positions in this philosophy are silly, I'm obviously not going to adhere to any of them.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Thwn you are like someone who decides to buy an airplane ticket without any appreciation of the theory of lift & gravity. Such a person can of course fly quite safely without a second thought about lift or gravity, but the point of my essay is for those afraid of flying, who need theoretical justification for why they can expect to reach their intended destination safely.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Since you believe you can survive the trip, you implicitly have an opinion relating to this theory, but you are content in not wading into the details of the theory. That's fine, most airline passengers don't concern themselves with such things. But as pioneers of a new field, I think it is prudent to establish at least some theoretical groundwork before people risk their lives and futures on such technology.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> Just because it's a part of the mind that we are all aware of, and maybe give more prominence to than, say, memory mechanisms, is no more reason to treat it separately than the fact that mountains are tall is a reason to create a separate field of study for them, away from the rest of geology.<br>
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> What tends to keep anything in philosophy is a lack of decisive empirical experiments. <br>
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> It is a very different approach from empiricism, but there are some questions that empiricism can't settle.<br>
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> Just a few examples:<br>
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> - Do people refer to the same things (same "qualia") when they refer to things like colors and tastes?<br>
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We can't know.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Not by empirical means, but there are a number of good rational arguments.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> - How do we (or can we) know what we take to be reality is physical reality or a simulation?<br>
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We can't know.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Not by empirical means, but there are a number of good rational arguments.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> - Can other material substrates support conscious states or do they result in unconscious automatons (sic) that merely act conscious without being so?<br>
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Strictly speaking, we don't know, but logically, we know that philosophical zombies can't exist.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Yes, now you are seeing the utility of rational arguments!</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">We can't empirically detect zombies, but we can by way of rational argument, rule them out. Thus we use philosophy to justify our belief in substrate indifference.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
When we do have minds running in non-biological substrates, we will be in the same position as we are now with regard to other people.<br>
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> These are situations are beyond empirical tests because they are all tied to limitations following from the subjective/objective divide. If we want to deal with such questions<br>
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You can't 'deal with' questions that are inherently undecidable. All you can do is either demonstrate that they are decidable after all, or leave them alone (ok, you can play games with them, see below).<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Undecidability is an extremely apt comparison!</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The same Godelean gap between what is provable is also a case of a subjective limitation (operating from within the vantage point and confines of a particular mathematical system). This same gap isn't the root of most of the empirically unprovable situations I named:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Since you are trapped in your own subjectively, you can't escape yourself to see the qualia of another.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Since you are trapped in your own subjectivity, you can't wake an outside view to confirm reality is what your senses tell you it is.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Since you are tapped in your own subjectivity, you can't directly see the minds that maybe may not be present in other substrates.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> we therefore must turn to other methods. It can be uncomfortable for strong empiricists to even acknowledge the legitimacy of such questions or the utility of other methods. But that doesn't stop the questions from existing, or mattering to some people.<br>
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Ok, I get that. People want to know stuff, even if the stuff is unknowable. Enter a human ability called 'imagination'. Aka 'fantasy'.<br>
It doesn't actually solve anything, but it can make people happier.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">You relied on philosophy to arrive at the opinion of substrate indifference, and thus are making the bet that you can survive as an upload.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Why then, do you think other rational leaps cannot be made for the other questions I listed? Consider Bostrom's simulation argument. It is a purely rational and mathematical based means to calculate the probability that one exists in a simulation. This is something that can't be determined empirically, but he showed it can be calculated and estimated using a few basic assumptions.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Consider also the Dancing Qualia and Hemispheric Visual Cortex replacement arguments (in my essay) and how they rationally establish the sameness of qualia between two functionally equivalent minds made of different substrates.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Again this is breakthrough which wasn't established by an objective empirical test, but simply by rational thought alone.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> There is no ghost in the machine, there's just the machine, so we do need to study machines, and we don't need to study ghosts.<br>
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> If you feel the need for a philosophy (rather than just being guided by what neuroscience is clearly telling us, which seems to me to be the sensible thing to do), then philosophy of mind is the one to take notice of, the other one is not needed, and as far as I can see, full of ghostly nonsense.<br>
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> Once all ghosts are exorcised, when there are no physical facts<br>
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... there's nothing left.<br>
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> , nor any further facts to maintain some notion of a unique identity over time, then it follows that all occurrances of minds, in whatever material, place, or time, and having whatever content of experience, minds are then simply raw conscious states which can be (and should be) regarded as self.<br>
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What's a 'raw conscious state'? We're not talking about pan-psychism here, are we?</blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">No.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> I don't /think/ so, but best to make sure.<br>
Is it 'immaterial consciousness'?<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">No. I just mean, consider the conscious state, free of any external attachments of specific identities or selves.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
And don't confuse 'consciousness' with 'self'. They are different things. There are creatures that display no sense of self that are still conscious (being conscious of other things, but not of themselves), as far as we can tell.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">True.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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Self-awareness requires a self-referential model of an agent (e.g. a person, or a creature). Consciousness doesn't.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Yes I agree.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> Based on everything you have said about minds and illusory notion of self, I think your position fits best with open individualism, though I don't think you'll ever admit that.<br>
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Hm, I'd have thought my position fits best with 'closed individualism' (I exist), based on the above. Even though it's totally silly, at least it's coherent, unlike the rest.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I would have put you there, except that in several cases you acknowledge surviving beyond a single moment in time.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I agree that empty-individualism is more consistent than closed-individualism. It avoids most of the problems closed-individualism gets into. The primary advantage then that open-individualism has over empty- is the probability arguments.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Jason </div></div>