<div dir="auto"><div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Mar 31, 2026, 3:47 PM John Clark <<a href="mailto:johnkclark@gmail.com">johnkclark@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">On Tue, Mar 31, 2026 at 9:42 AM Jason Resch via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:</span></div></div><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">>>>> </span>If ET has found something better than Dyson Spheres<span class="gmail_default">/Swarms</span>, an easy way to make more energy than 400 billion stars can, then that's fine but<span class="gmail_default"> </span>according to the <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">S</span>econd <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">L</span>aw <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">O</span>f <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">T</span>hermodynamics, regardless of how ET is making that energy, he is going to be producing a<span class="gmail_default">n amount of </span><span class="gmail_default">waste heat in the form of infrared radiation that is <u>literally</u></span> astronomical<span class="gmail_default">,</span> but we don't see the slightest hint of that in this galaxy or an in the other. </b></font></blockquote></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"><font size="4"><i><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">>>> </span>Consider: reversible computing technology enables 1 kg of matter to perform more computations per second than 100 Dyson swarms.</i></font></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">>> </span>That is ridiculous.<span class="gmail_default"> It's true that with</span> <span class="gmail_default">a </span>reversible computer<span class="gmail_default"> you could theoretically complete any calculation using an arbitrarily small amount of energy, <u>however</u> the smaller your energy usage is the slower your calculation is, and as your energy usage approaches zero the time to complete your calculation approaches infinity. </span> </b></font></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">></span>What's your source for this?</i></font></div></div></blockquote></div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><div class="gmail_quote"><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9703022" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>Reversibility and Adiabatic Computation: Trading Time and Space for Energy</b></font></a></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">This seems to confirm what I said. From the paper:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">"Considerations of thermodynamics of computing started in the early
</div><div dir="auto">fifties. J. von Neumann reputedly thought that a computer operating at
</div><div dir="auto">temperature T must dissipate at least kT ln 2 Joule per elementary bit op-
</div><div dir="auto">eration, [Burks, 1966]. But R. Landauer [Landauer, 1961] demonstrated
</div><div dir="auto">that it is only the ‘logically irreversible’ operations in a physical computer
</div><div dir="auto">that are required to dissipate energy by generating a corresponding amount
</div><div dir="auto">of entropy for each bit of information that gets irreversibly erased. As a
</div><div dir="auto">consequence, any arbitrarily large reversible computation can be performed
</div><div dir="auto">on an appropriate physical device using only one unit of physical energy in
</div><div dir="auto">principle."</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Note "arbitrarily large" and "one unit of energy".</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">And further, it cited physical realizations of such computers:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">"An example of a hypothetical reversible computer that is both logically
</div><div dir="auto">and physically perfectly reversible and perfectly free from energy dissipa-
</div><div dir="auto">tion is the billiard ball computer, [Fredkin & Toffoli, 1982]. Another ex-
</div><div dir="auto">ample is the exciting prospect of quantum computation, [Feynman, 1985,
</div><div dir="auto">Deutsch, 1985, Shor, 1994], which is reversible except for the irreversible
</div><div dir="auto">observation steps."</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The paper doesn't place any caveat on this, e.g., it does *not* say "but note the reversible computer has to run arbitrarily slowly to perform arbitrary numbers of computations for one unit of energy." This is the point I am challenging you on.</div><div dir="auto"></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">If there is somewhere in the paper that confirms what you claim, could you point it out more directly where it appears?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><br><div><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>As far as I have seen, energy usage has nothing to do with the speed of a reversible computer.</i></font></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>Then you have not seen very far.<span class="gmail_default"> </span> </b></font></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Then please show me what I have missed (if I have missed something). When I asked, you gave a source that confirms my point and undermines yours.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>Consider that the glass of water on your desk is performing 10^50 reversible operations per second per kilogram, and it isn't emitting any waste heat.</i></font></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><font face="tahoma, sans-serif" size="4"><b>It's true that you can think of a glass of water <span class="gmail_default">as</span> performing<span class="gmail_default"> calculations, but you can't think of it as a computer because the glass of water is working on its own calculation and not one that you want an answer to. </span> </b></font></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It is nonetheless a counterexample to your claim. If what you wanted was a perfect simulation of a glass of water molecules, then this glass serves as exactly such a computation, running at computronium speeds, with full physical and logical reversibility (and therefore perfect efficiency). It doesn't need to be at absolute zero or take eternity to do this.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Of course, harnessing physics to run arbitrary computations of your own choosing requires some engineering, but the same principles and laws of physics apply: Namely, you can run computations at incredible speeds without paying anything in terms of energy, so long as you maintain logical and physical reversibility.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Jason </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div><span class="gmail_default"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b></b></font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">>> </span>For great intelligence to be useful an animal<span class="gmail_default"> needs hands with opposable thumbs or some other organ that can delicately manipulate matter,</span></b></font></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>When there are social dynamics and kne must kit think others of your same species to win mates, then there's no upper bound on selection pressure for intelligence. That may explain what happens with whales.</i></font></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>Perhaps so, and echolocation requires a great deal of data processing, but bigger animals require bigger brains than smaller animals do, and I think the intelligence of whales has been overestimated. Whales were hunted almost to extinction and water is an excellent conductor of sound so the sounds of whaling boats must have been audible for hundreds of miles, and yet they never learn to avoid them. And there is the phenomenon of <span class="gmail_default">m</span>ass whale beachings which doesn't exactly enhance their reputation for being bright. <span class="gmail_default">W</span>hales certainly never made a radio telescope, or made anything at all for that matter except for other whales. </b></font><br><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>Their bodies are so large that it costs them very metabolically little to have a much larger brain. The relative benefits even if minor, can be justified. I think this explains why larger animals tend to have larger brains. Not because so many larger brains are needed to control a larger body, but because a larger brain can be supported more easily</i></font></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>A whale's brain is about <u><span class="gmail_default">5</span> times</u> as massive as a human brain<span class="gmail_default"> but a whale's body is about<u> 500 times</u> as massive as a human body, and pound for pound a brain uses about 10 times as much energy as any other parts of the body. </span> </b></font></div><div><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> >> </span></b></font><b style="font-size:large"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><span class="gmail_default">I</span>f a zebra on the African Savanna had an<span class="gmail_default"> IQ</span> of 200 that wouldn't help get its genes into the next generation very much, and that's why it never evolved to get that smart. </font></b></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i><span class="gmail_default">> </span>Why then are crows so smart?</i></font></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>Crows are not smart enough to build a radio telescope<span class="gmail_default"> nor are they likely to evolve into something that could because, although they can learn to open milk bottles with their beaks, they have no way to manipulate matter delicate enough to repair a watch in the way that a human can. It's unclear what environmental factors caused our hominid ancestors to walk bipedally, but the first one to do so had a brain no larger than that of a chimpanzee; but after that and it had 2 limbs that could be used for things other than </span>locomotion<span class="gmail_default"> the brain size of its descendants grew at an extremely rapid rate. </span></b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default"><br></span></b></font></div><div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">>> </span>And yet none of those species have even come close to building a radio telescope,<span class="gmail_default"> in the last 3.8 billion years only one species has managed to do so. </span></b></font></blockquote></div></div></blockquote></div></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><br></blockquote><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>You could have said the same about us only a few tens of thousands of years ago.</i></font></blockquote><div><br></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>It's <span class="gmail_default">much </span>worse than that,<span class="gmail_default"> y</span>ou could say the same thing about us just a century ago.<span class="gmail_default"> And that is exactly why it's so bizarre that we have seen no evidence that this galaxy, or any other galaxy, has been engineered. The most obvious explanation for that anomaly is that we are the first. Somebody has to be. </span></b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><span class="gmail_default"><b><br></b></span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default"> John K Clark </span> </b></font></div></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div><b style="font-size:large"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Perhaps a brilliant<span class="gmail_default"> </span>zebra would have a few minor advantages but unless <span class="gmail_default">it</span> ha<span class="gmail_default">d</span> opposable thumbs or something equivalent it would not<span class="gmail_default"> be </span>worth the price <span class="gmail_default">it would</span> have to pay for being smart. The <span class="gmail_default">human </span>brain only amounts to 2% of the body weight of a human but it consumes 20% of the body's energy. </font></b></div><div><b style="font-size:large"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><br></font></b></div><div><b><font face="tahoma, sans-serif" size="4">And there are other disadvantages<span class="gmail_default"> in having a large brain</span>, a baby must get through a female's birth canal, and that means most of the growth of the brain must occur after birth, and that means for many years after birth the young are completely helpless, and that places a huge burden on the parents that can last for over a decade. </font></b></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"> </font></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div>
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