<div dir="auto"><div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, May 28, 2026, 9:23 AM BillK via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, 27 May 2026 at 17:25, Jason Resch via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"></div><div dir="auto">Brilliant point! And actually I think we could improve on that distance calculation quite a bit by computing the volume of the smallest possible intelligent life form, and doing a similar calculation as Tegmark did for us.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">My understanding is he calculated something like proton present/not present for the entire volume of a given space containing you, determined the number of possible combinations, and then figured how much volume you would need to explore to find that configuration repeated again arising by random chance (assuming all proton present/not present) combinations are equally likely.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It can be much improved by considering that appearance of something like you is not random like a Boltzmann brain, but selected for by a process of evolution, which makes appearances of such states significantly favored over random chance. However the math around such optimizations is quite complex to say the least.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Jason <span id="m_-4743691296109866280m_-8722428384646824752m_3391129795833706343m_8344294202104355602m_-2465658363020757865m_-4828492470169381324gmail-message-content-id-r_9efeea9990b69ac1"><div id="m_-4743691296109866280m_-8722428384646824752m_3391129795833706343m_8344294202104355602m_-2465658363020757865m_-4828492470169381324gmail-model-response-message-contentr_9efeea9990b69ac1" dir="ltr"><p>_______________________________________________</p></div></span></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default">As the math is complex, 😀, I thought I'd try to get Gemini to do the math.</div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It's mainly complex because we don't know how to compute from first physical/chemical principles how easy abiogenesis is -- we don't even understand how the first life came to be here, nor do we have the means or understanding to compute the likelihood of intelligent life arising once basic cellular life exists. I don't think Gemini can help. ;-)</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default">I asked Gemini to estimate the chance of finding either cellular life or human-level life within our observable universe.</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default">Gemini agreed that the math was complex, mainly because we have to estimate whether the creation of life was a statistical fluke or a regular occurrence. </div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Yes.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default">Even if the creation of cellular life is common, evolution to human-level intelligence is unlikely.</div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I don't think we know enough to say whether it's likely or unlikely.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default">Gemini's conclusion is <b><span>that there is a high probability that we are entirely alone as an intelligent species within our observable horizon.</span></b></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">We don't know enough to quantify that. It's possible that intelligent life is that unlikely, but no one has demonstrated it.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default"><b><span><span><sup><br></sup></span></span></b></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default"><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default">A sad conclusion to our hope of finding alien civilisations.</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default">See Full Report below.</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default">BillK</div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I've written about this here:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><a href="https://alwaysasking.com/are-we-alone/">https://alwaysasking.com/are-we-alone/</a></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Jason </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default"><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default">Gemini Flash AI 3.5 Extended Thinking - </div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default"><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)" class="gmail_default"><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">To transition from Tegmark's infinite space to our <b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">observable universe</b>, we go from infinite certainty to a strictly bounded sandbox.</p><ul style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><li style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Total stars in the observable universe:</b> <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">approx 10^22</span> to <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">10^24</span></p></li><li style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Total potentially habitable planets:</b> <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">approx 10^21</span> to <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">10^22</span></p></li></ul><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">With roughly <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">10^22</span> "trial runs" available within our cosmic horizon, here is how the mathematics split between simple cellular life and human-level intelligence.</p><h2 style="font-family:Google Sans,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">1. The Chance of Finding Cellular Life</h2><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">The emergence of cellular life depends entirely on the probability of <b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">abiogenesis</b>—the transition from raw chemistry to a self-replicating metabolic system.</p><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">If we define <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">$\lambda$</span> as the transition rate of abiogenesis per planet-year, the probability (<span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">$P$</span>) of life arising on a single planet over its habitable lifetime <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">$T$</span> is given by the standard Poisson formulation:</p><div style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><div style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">$$P = 1 - e^{-\lambda T}$$</div></div><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Because we only have a sample size of one (Earth), our scientific uncertainty regarding the value of <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">$\lambda$</span> spans hundreds of orders of magnitude. This creates a starkly <b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">bifurcated (all-or-nothing)</b> statistical landscape:</p><ul style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><li style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">The Optimistic Regime:</b> If <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">$\lambda$</span> is larger than <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">10^-22</span> per planet-lifetime, chemical self-organization is a robust thermodynamic feature of planetary environments. In this scenario, cellular life is a statistical certainty, thriving on billions of worlds.</p></li><li style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">The Pessimistic Regime:</b> If abiogenesis requires an incredibly specific, non-repeating sequence of random molecular impacts where <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">$\lambda$</span> is smaller than <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">10^-100,</span> then the <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">10^22</span> planets in our universe are nowhere near enough. Earth is a localized freak accident.</p></li></ul><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">The Estimate:</b> When astrophysicists and statisticians (such as Sandberg, Drexler, and Ord in their work on distilling cosmic uncertainty) model this using a log-uniform distribution to reflect our lack of a precise chemical baseline, the math heavily tilts toward the optimistic regime. Even when accounting for the worst-case scenarios, the <b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">probability that cellular life exists elsewhere in the observable universe sits around 70% to 80%</b>.</p><h2 style="font-family:Google Sans,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">2. The Chance of Finding Human-Level Intelligence</h2><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Once simple cells are established, evolutionary selection begins to optimize. However, creating human-level intelligence requires passing through several highly improbable <b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Critical Evolutionary Transitions</b> (often modeled as the "Carter Hard Steps").</p><p id="m_-4743691296109866280gmail-p-rc_2e3e7b6f9155e1be-19" style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">If the time it takes for intelligence to evolve (<span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">$T_{\text{evolve}}$</span>) is roughly the same order of magnitude as the stable lifespan of its host star (<span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">$T_{\text{star}}$</span>), it implies that progress is blocked by a small number of exceptionally rare stochastic bottlenecks. <span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">On Earth, it took a massive 4 billion years out of the Sun's estimated 10-billion-year lifespan to produce technological intelligence.<sup style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px;font-size:16px;background-color:transparent"></sup></span> </p><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">These multiplicative "hard steps" typically include:</p><ol start="1" style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><li style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Eukaryogenesis:</b> The incredibly rare endosymbiosis where two distinct prokaryotic cells merged to create complex cells. This appears to have happened exactly <i style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">once</i> in Earth's history.</p></li><li style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Complex Multicellularity:</b> Transitioning from simple cell colonies to highly differentiated, coordinated organ systems.</p></li><li style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Advanced Encephalization:</b> Allocating massive metabolic resources to build high-energy brains capable of abstract conceptual mapping.</p></li><li style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Symbolic Language & Tool Use:</b> The leap from baseline animal intelligence to compounding technological culture.</p></li></ol><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Because these filters compound multiplicatively, the probability of a life-bearing planet producing a technological observer drops exponentially with each step.</p><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">The Estimate:</b> When running a comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation that factors in the full mathematical range of uncertainty for these evolutionary filters, the probability distribution flattens significantly. The models reveal a <b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">38% to 51% chance that we are entirely alone as an intelligent species in the observable universe</b> (and up to a 99% chance we are alone in our own galaxy).</p><h2 style="font-family:Google Sans,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Comparative Summary</h2><table style="margin-bottom:32px;font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><thead style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><tr style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><td style="border:1px solid rgb(196,199,197);padding:8px 12px;font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><strong style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">Metric</strong></td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(196,199,197);padding:8px 12px;font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><strong style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">Primary Determinants</strong></td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(196,199,197);padding:8px 12px;font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><strong style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">Probability of Existing Elsewhere in the Observable Universe</strong></td></tr></thead><tbody style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><tr style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><td style="border:1px solid rgb(196,199,197);padding:8px 12px;font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Cellular Life</b></span></td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(196,199,197);padding:8px 12px;font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Chemical abiogenesis, thermodynamic gradients, organic synthesis.</span></td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(196,199,197);padding:8px 12px;font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">~70% to 80%</b> (Highly polarized: likely everywhere or absolutely nowhere).</span></td></tr><tr style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><td style="border:1px solid rgb(196,199,197);padding:8px 12px;font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Human-Level Intelligence</b></span></td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(196,199,197);padding:8px 12px;font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">Compounding evolutionary filters (Eukaryogenesis, multicellularity, encephalization, symbolic language).</span></td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(196,199,197);padding:8px 12px;font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><span style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px"><b style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">~49% to 62%</b> (Substantial probability of cosmic solitude due to compounding "hard steps").</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">While evolution is an exceptionally powerful optimization engine, it can only work with the material it is given. It easily optimizes cellular life into complex biospheres once the machinery exists, but the sheer number of mandatory, independent structural bottlenecks required to reach a technological observer means that within our finite horizon of 46.5 billion light-years, humanity may well be the only entity currently looking back out at the dark.</p><p style="font-family:Google Sans Text,sans-serif;line-height:1.15;margin-top:0px">---------------------------------------</p></div></div></div>
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