<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, May 28, 2026 at 4:49 PM BillK via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" target="_blank">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote"> <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span><span class="gmail_default"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></font><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i>I </i></font></span><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i>asked Gemini to explain the percentages and the conclusion.Basically, Gemini said that it is because the maths is working with insufficient information.</i></font></blockquote><div><br></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>Thanks for calling my attention <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">to</span>that paper<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> (</span></b></font><b style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:large"><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.02404" target="_blank">Dissolving the Fermi Paradox</a><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">) </span></b><b style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:large">by<span class="gmail_default"> </span>Anders Sandberg, Eric Drexler and Toby Ord<span class="gmail_default">; even though it was written in 2018 somehow I had never heard of it before. We already know what Gemini thinks about it, so I asked GPT his opinion:</span></b></div><div><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">==</span></div><div><font size="4"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><u>GPT</u>: "T</span>he paper you linked is <strong>“Dissolving the Fermi Paradox”</strong> by <span><span>Anders Sandberg</span></span>, <span><span>Eric Drexler</span></span>, and <span><span>Toby Ord</span></span>.</font></div><div><div><div dir="auto">
<p><font size="4">The central argument of the paper is:</font></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font size="4">The apparent contradiction known as the <strong>Fermi paradox</strong> may not actually be a paradox at all once we properly account for our enormous uncertainty about how likely intelligent life is to arise.</font></p>
</blockquote>
<h2><font size="4">The usual Fermi paradox</font></h2>
<p><font size="4">The paradox is often phrased as:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font size="4">
The universe contains an enormous number of stars and planets.
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
Even if intelligent life is rare, there should still be many civilizations.
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
Therefore we “should” see evidence of extraterrestrials.
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
But we don’t.
</font></li>
</ul>
<p><font size="4">This is often summarized as “Where is everybody?”</font></p>
<p><font size="4">The paper argues that this conclusion comes from a hidden mathematical mistake.</font></p>
<hr>
<h2><font size="4">The authors’ key point</font></h2>
<p><font size="4">Most estimates use something like the <strong>Drake equation</strong>, which multiplies several probabilities together:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font size="4">
fraction of stars with planets
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
fraction with habitable planets
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
probability life begins
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
probability intelligence evolves
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
probability civilizations become detectable
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
etc.
</font></li>
</ul>
<p><font size="4">The usual treatment plugs in single “best guess” numbers for these probabilities.</font></p>
<p><font size="4">The authors argue this is misleading because some of these quantities are <strong>profoundly uncertain</strong> — not just a little uncertain, but uncertain across <strong>many orders of magnitude</strong>. <span></span></font></p>
<p><font size="4">For example, we do not know:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font size="4">
how hard abiogenesis (origin of life) really is
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
how improbable eukaryotic cells were
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
whether intelligence is common or fantastically rare
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
whether technological civilizations survive long enough to spread
</font></li>
</ul>
<p><font size="4">A parameter might plausibly vary not by a factor of 2, but by:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font size="4">
millions,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
billions,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
or vastly more.
</font></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2><font size="4">Their mathematical insight</font></h2>
<p><font size="4">When you multiply many highly uncertain probabilities together, the result is <strong>not</strong> well represented by plugging in average values.</font></p>
<p><font size="4">Instead, the uncertainty distribution becomes extremely broad.</font></p>
<p><font size="4">The paper shows that once realistic uncertainty is included, there is actually a substantial probability that:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font size="4">
humanity is the <strong>only technological civilization in the observable universe</strong>, or
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
one of very few.
</font></li>
</ul>
<p><font size="4">If that is true, then the lack of alien evidence is unsurprising. <span></span></font></p>
<p><font size="4">So the “paradox” dissolves.</font></p>
<hr>
<h2><font size="4">Why this matters</font></h2>
<p><font size="4">A lot of Fermi paradox explanations assume that because alien civilizations should be common, something catastrophic must wipe them out, such as:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font size="4">
self-destruction,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
AI doom,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
resource exhaustion,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
berserker probes,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
universal colonization failure,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
“great filters,” etc.
</font></li>
</ul>
<p><font size="4">This paper argues that we may not need such speculative explanations at all.</font></p>
<p><font size="4">The simplest explanation may be:</font></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font size="4">Intelligent technological life is just extraordinarily rare.</font></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h2><font size="4">An intuitive analogy</font></h2>
<p><font size="4">Suppose someone says:</font></p>
<blockquote>
<p><font size="4">“There are billions of lottery tickets sold, so many winners must exist.”</font></p>
</blockquote>
<p><font size="4">That sounds reasonable — unless the odds themselves are wildly uncertain.</font></p>
<p><font size="4">If the odds might secretly be 1 in:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font size="4">
10 million,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
10 trillion,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
or 10^100,
</font></li>
</ul>
<p><font size="4">then the expectation changes radically.</font></p>
<p><font size="4">The authors claim our uncertainty about life and intelligence is closer to the second situation.</font></p>
<hr>
<h2><font size="4">The paper’s broader philosophical message</font></h2>
<p><font size="4">The paper is really about <strong>uncertainty propagation</strong>.</font></p>
<p><font size="4">It argues that people often become overconfident when multiplying together uncertain estimates. Using precise-looking numbers can create an illusion of knowledge.</font></p>
<p><font size="4">In reality:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font size="4">
we only have one known biosphere,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
one known example of intelligent life,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
and essentially no statistical sample.
</font></li>
</ul>
<p><font size="4">So confidence that the universe “should” be full of civilizations may be unjustified.</font></p>
<hr>
<h2><div class="gmail-qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot"><div class="gmail-text-base gmail-my-auto gmail-mx-auto gmail-pb-10 gmail-[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] gmail-@w-sm/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] gmail-@w-lg/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] gmail-px-(--thread-content-margin)"><div class="gmail-[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] gmail-@w-lg/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] gmail-mx-auto gmail-max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) gmail-flex-1 gmail-group/turn-messages gmail-focus-visible:outline-hidden gmail-relative gmail-flex gmail-w-full gmail-min-w-0 gmail-flex-col gmail-agent-turn"><div class="gmail-flex gmail-max-w-full gmail-flex-col gmail-gap-4 gmail-grow"><div dir="auto" class="gmail-min-h-8 gmail-text-message gmail-relative gmail-flex gmail-w-full gmail-flex-col gmail-items-end gmail-gap-2 gmail-text-start gmail-break-words gmail-whitespace-normal gmail-outline-none gmail-keyboard-focused:focus-ring gmail-[.text-message+&]:mt-1" tabindex="0"><div class="gmail-flex gmail-w-full gmail-flex-col gmail-gap-1 empty:hidden"><div class="gmail-markdown gmail-prose gmail-dark:prose-invert gmail-wrap-break-word gmail-w-full gmail-light gmail-markdown-new-styling"><p></p><div aria-hidden="true" class="gmail-pointer-events-none gmail--mt-px gmail-h-px gmail-translate-y-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom)-14*var(--spacing))]"></div><p></p><div class="gmail-qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot"><div class="gmail-text-base gmail-my-auto gmail-mx-auto gmail-pb-10 gmail-[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] gmail-@w-sm/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] gmail-@w-lg/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] gmail-px-(--thread-content-margin)"><div class="gmail-[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] gmail-@w-lg/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] gmail-mx-auto gmail-max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) gmail-flex-1 gmail-group/turn-messages gmail-focus-visible:outline-hidden gmail-relative gmail-flex gmail-w-full gmail-min-w-0 gmail-flex-col gmail-agent-turn"><div class="gmail-flex gmail-max-w-full gmail-flex-col gmail-gap-4 gmail-grow"><div dir="auto" class="gmail-min-h-8 gmail-text-message gmail-relative gmail-flex gmail-w-full gmail-flex-col gmail-items-end gmail-gap-2 gmail-text-start gmail-break-words gmail-whitespace-normal gmail-outline-none gmail-keyboard-focused:focus-ring gmail-[.text-message+&]:mt-1" tabindex="0"><div class="gmail-flex gmail-w-full gmail-flex-col gmail-gap-1 empty:hidden"><div class="gmail-markdown gmail-prose gmail-dark:prose-invert gmail-wrap-break-word gmail-w-full gmail-light gmail-markdown-new-styling"><p><span style="font-weight:normal"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">T</span>he authors explore several different uncertainty models and ask what happens when you honestly propagate those uncertainties through the Drake equation.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">Their results are surprisingly large.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">They conclude that under what they regard as “reasonable” uncertainty assumptions:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight:normal">
the probability that humanity is the </span>only technological civilization in the Milky Way<span style="font-weight:normal"> can be on the order of </span>tens of percent<span style="font-weight:normal">, and
</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight:normal">
the probability that we are the </span>only technological civilization in the entire observable universe<span style="font-weight:normal"> can still be </span>non-negligible<span style="font-weight:normal"> — sometimes around a few percent.
</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">One of their headline examples gives roughly:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight:normal">
about </span>30–50%<span style="font-weight:normal"> chance we are alone in the galaxy
</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight:normal">
and </span>around 10–20% chance we are alone in the observable universe
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">depending on the assumptions used.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">The exact numbers vary across the models in the paper.</span></p>
<hr>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">What shocked many readers was not the exact percentages, but the fact that the numbers are nowhere near zero.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">Before this paper, many discussions implicitly assumed:</span></p>
<span style="font-weight:normal"><span class="gmail-katex-display"><span class="gmail-katex"><span class="gmail-katex-mathml"></span><span class="gmail-katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="gmail-base"><span class="gmail-strut"></span><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal">P</span><span class="gmail-mopen">(</span><span class="gmail-mord gmail-text"><span class="gmail-mord">we are alone</span></span><span class="gmail-mclose">)</span><span class="gmail-mspace"></span><span class="gmail-mrel">≈</span><span class="gmail-mspace"></span></span><span class="gmail-base"><span class="gmail-strut"></span><span class="gmail-mord">0</span></span></span></span></span>
</span><p><span style="font-weight:normal">The authors argue instead that, because the uncertainties are so enormous, probabilities like:</span></p>
<span style="font-weight:normal"><span class="gmail-katex-display"><span class="gmail-katex"><span class="gmail-katex-mathml"></span><span class="gmail-katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="gmail-base"><span class="gmail-strut"></span><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal">P</span><span class="gmail-mopen">(</span><span class="gmail-mord gmail-text"><span class="gmail-mord">alone in galaxy</span></span><span class="gmail-mclose">)</span><span class="gmail-mspace"></span><span class="gmail-mrel">∼</span><span class="gmail-mspace"></span></span><span class="gmail-base"><span class="gmail-strut"></span><span class="gmail-mord">0.3</span></span></span></span></span>
</span><p><span style="font-weight:normal">or even</span></p>
<span style="font-weight:normal"><span class="gmail-katex-display"><span class="gmail-katex"><span class="gmail-katex-mathml"></span><span class="gmail-katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="gmail-base"><span class="gmail-strut"></span><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal">P</span><span class="gmail-mopen">(</span><span class="gmail-mord gmail-text"><span class="gmail-mord">alone in observable universe</span></span><span class="gmail-mclose">)</span><span class="gmail-mspace"></span><span class="gmail-mrel">∼</span><span class="gmail-mspace"></span></span><span class="gmail-base"><span class="gmail-strut"></span><span class="gmail-mord">0.1</span></span></span></span></span>
</span><p><span style="font-weight:normal">are entirely compatible with current knowledge.</span></p>
<hr>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">An important subtlety:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">The paper is not saying:</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">“We probably are alone.”</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">Rather, it says:</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">“Current scientific knowledge does not justify high confidence that the universe should be crowded with civilizations.”</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">That is a much more cautious claim.</span></p>
<hr>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">Another interesting point from the paper is that the authors include the effect of:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight:normal">
the Great Silence itself,
</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight:normal">
failed SETI searches,
</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight:normal">
and the lack of visible galactic engineering.
</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">Including those observations increases the probability that civilizations are rare.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">In Bayesian terms, the silence updates the probability distribution toward sparsity.</span></p>
<hr>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">One reason the observable-universe probability can still be surprisingly high is that the Drake equation contains several factors that may each be extraordinarily tiny.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">For example:</span></p>
<span style="font-weight:normal"><span class="gmail-katex-display"><span class="gmail-katex"><span class="gmail-katex-mathml"></span><span class="gmail-katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="gmail-base"><span class="gmail-strut"></span><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal">N</span><span class="gmail-mspace"></span><span class="gmail-mrel">=</span><span class="gmail-mspace"></span></span><span class="gmail-base"><span class="gmail-strut"></span><span class="gmail-mord"><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal">R</span><span class="gmail-msupsub"><span class="gmail-vlist-t gmail-vlist-t2"><span class="gmail-vlist-r"><span class="gmail-vlist"><span><span class="gmail-pstrut"></span><span class="gmail-sizing gmail-reset-size6 gmail-size3 gmail-mtight"><span class="gmail-mbin gmail-mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="gmail-vlist-s"></span></span><span class="gmail-vlist-r"><span class="gmail-vlist"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="gmail-mord"><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal">f</span><span class="gmail-msupsub"><span class="gmail-vlist-t gmail-vlist-t2"><span class="gmail-vlist-r"><span class="gmail-vlist"><span><span class="gmail-pstrut"></span><span class="gmail-sizing gmail-reset-size6 gmail-size3 gmail-mtight"><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal gmail-mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="gmail-vlist-s"></span></span><span class="gmail-vlist-r"><span class="gmail-vlist"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="gmail-mord"><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal">n</span><span class="gmail-msupsub"><span class="gmail-vlist-t gmail-vlist-t2"><span class="gmail-vlist-r"><span class="gmail-vlist"><span><span class="gmail-pstrut"></span><span class="gmail-sizing gmail-reset-size6 gmail-size3 gmail-mtight"><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal gmail-mtight">e</span></span></span></span><span class="gmail-vlist-s"></span></span><span class="gmail-vlist-r"><span class="gmail-vlist"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="gmail-mord"><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal">f</span><span class="gmail-msupsub"><span class="gmail-vlist-t gmail-vlist-t2"><span class="gmail-vlist-r"><span class="gmail-vlist"><span><span class="gmail-pstrut"></span><span class="gmail-sizing gmail-reset-size6 gmail-size3 gmail-mtight"><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal gmail-mtight">l</span></span></span></span><span class="gmail-vlist-s"></span></span><span class="gmail-vlist-r"><span class="gmail-vlist"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="gmail-mord"><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal">f</span><span class="gmail-msupsub"><span class="gmail-vlist-t gmail-vlist-t2"><span class="gmail-vlist-r"><span class="gmail-vlist"><span><span class="gmail-pstrut"></span><span class="gmail-sizing gmail-reset-size6 gmail-size3 gmail-mtight"><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal gmail-mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="gmail-vlist-s"></span></span><span class="gmail-vlist-r"><span class="gmail-vlist"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="gmail-mord"><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal">f</span><span class="gmail-msupsub"><span class="gmail-vlist-t gmail-vlist-t2"><span class="gmail-vlist-r"><span class="gmail-vlist"><span><span class="gmail-pstrut"></span><span class="gmail-sizing gmail-reset-size6 gmail-size3 gmail-mtight"><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal gmail-mtight">c</span></span></span></span><span class="gmail-vlist-s"></span></span><span class="gmail-vlist-r"><span class="gmail-vlist"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="gmail-mord gmail-mathnormal">L</span></span></span></span></span>
</span><p><span style="font-weight:normal">If even one factor is astronomically small — say the probability of abiogenesis or intelligence — then multiplying by the huge number of planets may still not produce many civilizations.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:normal">The paper emphasizes that we simply do not know those factors well enough to rule this out.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></h2><h2><font size="4">One especially important implication</font></h2>
<p><font size="4">The paper weakens the argument that silence itself is evidence of doom.</font></p>
<p><font size="4">If civilizations are already expected to be extremely sparse, then:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font size="4">
no radio signals,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
no Dyson spheres,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
no galactic empires,
</font></li>
<li><font size="4">
and no probes
</font></li>
</ul>
<p><font size="4">are not especially mysterious.</font></p>
<hr>
<h2><font size="4">In one sentence</font></h2>
<p><font size="4">The paper argues that the Fermi paradox largely disappears once we honestly account for how little we know about the probability of intelligent life arising.<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">"</span></font></p><p><font size="4"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">=========</span> </font><span></span></p>
</div></div><div></div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true"></div></div></div></div>
</div>