<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">On Mon, Jun 1, 2026 at 10:21 PM Jason Resch via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:</span></div></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>The most scalable quantum computing technology is the "neutral atom" quantum computer, </i></font></blockquote><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>So say the neutral atom people,<span class="gmail_default" style=""> but plenty would dispute their claim. </span></b></font><br></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><i><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>which is estimated to take at least a week to break an elliptic curve key, so following proper key hygiene one should be protected even after cryptographically relevant quantum computers emerge</font></i></blockquote><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>The <span class="gmail_default" style="">amount of time</span> a quantum computer would need to solve a problem<span class="gmail_default" style=""> depends on the speed of its individual components, the number of errors those components produce (because the fewer errors the less time you need to correct those errors), and the number of Qubits the computer has. </span><span class="gmail_default" style="">N</span>eutral <span class="gmail_default" style="">A</span>tom<span class="gmail_default" style=""> is just one of the technologies being pursued, they all have advantages and disadvantages.</span></b></font></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default" style=""><br></span></b></font></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>As of today there is no clear front runner<span class="gmail_default" style=""> but </span><u>Superconducting Josephson Junctions</u><span class="gmail_default" style=""> is probably slightly ahead, it certainly has the most money behind it being backed by IBM, Google and others. Its individual components are the second fastest of the lot and the chips can be manufactured using existing conventional semiconductor techniques. Scaling up is difficult, however recently there has been significant progress. </span></b></font></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default" style=""> </span></b></font></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><span class="gmail_default" style=""><font size="4" style="" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><u style="">Neutral Atom</u> is the second easiest to scale up to a large number of Qubits, but it also produces more errors then other technologies, and the errors produced are the most difficult to correct. Its individual components are also very slow. </b></font></span></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><u style="">Trapped Ions</u><span class="gmail_default" style=""><u></u> </span>produce the second fewest errors and the errors that are produced are easy to correct, but the gates are extremely slow and it's not clear how to scale up to a useful size.</b></font></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><u>Silicon Spin Qubits</u><span class="gmail_default" style=""> is being pursued by Intel, it would give you the second smallest Qbits and second densest array of them, and it would be compatible with existing chip manufacturing technology, but the electronics needed to control it are quite difficult and very complex.</span></b></font></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span></div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><u>Photonic Quantum Computing</u><span class="gmail_default" style=""><u></u> can operate at room temperature and long-range communication is easy, but s</span>ingle-photon generation<span class="gmail_default" style=""> is required and such generators are difficult to make, and its two-Qubit gates produce a lot of errors. </span></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><u>Topological Quantum Computing</u><span class="gmail_default" style=""><u></u> is BY FAR the most ambitious approach and it's </span>the technology that Microsoft is pursuing<span class="gmail_default" style="">,</span> if they are successful it will blow all the other methods completely out of the water<span class="gmail_default" style=""> in every consideration you care to name, except compatibility with existing semiconductor manufacturing techniques. But</span> unlike <span class="gmail_default" style="">all </span>the other methods<span class="gmail_default" style="">,</span> which are just engineering challenges,<span class="gmail_default" style=""> </span>most physicists are only <span class="gmail_default" style="">about </span>85% certain that such a machine is scientifically possible. </b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b style="">The point I'm trying to make is that<span class="gmail_default" style=""> if your bitcoin security is based on a hope that you will be able to outrun a large fault tolerant quantum computer then I fear you are headed towards an economic catastrophe. </span></b></font><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b style=""><span class="gmail_default" style=""><br></span></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b style=""><span class="gmail_default" style="">John K Clark</span></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Jun 1, 2026, 3:39 PM John Clark via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" target="_blank">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">On Mon, Jun 1, 2026 at 2:34 PM Stuart LaForge <<a href="mailto:avant@sollegro.com" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">avant@sollegro.com</a>> wrote:</span></div></div><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>Ok, so I think I have come up with a simple low technology method of <br>
safeguarding bitcoin against Quantum computing algorithms like Shor's.<br>First you need to but 2 hardware cold wallets (e.g. Trezor, Ledger, <br>
etc.) Create a seed phrase to generate a public key with one of them and <br>
send your BTC to it.<br>When you want to spend or transfer bitcoin, you set up (or reset) a seed <br>
phrase on your second wallet. Spend whatever bitcoin you need to and <br>
then transfer the remaining balance to the second wallet. When you <br>
spend/send bitcoin, the public key of the sending wallet gets exposed on <br>
the blockchain in a way that a quantum computer could use it to crack <br>
the private key for the spending wallet, so the idea is to empty that <br>
wallet completely. The public key of the receiving wallet is kept secret <br>
because it does not show up anywhere during the transaction. The only <br>
private key that a quantum computer could derive would be for the empty <br>
wallet that you no longer use.<br>Then when you want to spend/send money from your second wallet, factory <br>
reset the original wallet and create a new seed phrase for it to <br>
generate a novel public. Spend your bitcoin from the second wallet and <br>
immediately send the remaining balance to the, now reset 1st wallet that <br>
has a brand new seed phrase / public key that has never been exposed on <br>
the blockchain and cannot be used to hack your private key.</i></font><br><font face="georgia, serif" size="4"><i>Then, when you want to perform another transaction, rinse and repeat. <br>
Always resetting and reseeding the unused wallet to get a fresh public <br>
key before use. With two hardware wallets, you should be able to keep <br>
this up indefinitely. It is a little bit of a hassle, but from what I <br>
understand of the bitcoin protocol, it should keep your bitcoins safe <br>
from quantum computing algorithms with existing technology. Let me know <br>
if you find a weakness in this scheme.</i></font></blockquote><div><br></div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>Keeping the public key unexposed is a well known defense <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">and </span>it does offer a little protection but the trouble is the public key isn't just exposed when you initiate a transaction, it's exposed from the moment the transaction hits the holding area where unconfirmed transactions wait in a decentralized queue before being processed by miners, depending on how busy the network is that could be anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours</b><span class="gmail_default" style="font-weight:bold;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">, and</span><b> in the quantum world </b><span class="gmail_default" style="font-weight:bold;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">that is a</span><b> long time</b><span class="gmail_default" style="font-weight:bold;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">;</span><b> a sufficiently powerful quantum computer could crack your private key faster than block confirmation time. Also, if anybody has ever sent to an address more than once then those coins are already exposed to a future quantum attacker</b><span class="gmail_default" style="font-weight:bold;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">.</span> <b>And when it comes to early bitcoins, like Satoshi's one million bitcoins, the public key is directly in the output script<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> and so the coins</span> <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">are </span>already fully exposed<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">.</span></b></font></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The most scalable quantum computing technology is the "neutral atom" quantum computer, which is estimated to take at least a week to break an elliptic curve key, so following proper key hygiene one should be protected even after cryptographically relevant quantum computers emerge.</div><div dir="auto"></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Jason </div></div><br>
</blockquote></div></div>