<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><b style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:large">The AI deepseek wrote:</b></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">> </span>in an infinite universe , </span><strong style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">some civilizations’ light cones would have overlapped</strong></i></font></blockquote><div><br></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>That might be true but we don't know it for a fact<span class="gmail_default" style=""> because funny things happen when you throw infinity into the mix, it depends on exactly how rare technological civilizations are and how they are distributed. For example, over 2000 years ago Euclid gave us a beautiful proof that</span><span class="gmail_default" style=""> there are an infinite number of prime numbers, but we don't know for a fact there are an infinite number of prime numbers that are only two places apart, twin primes; although we can say with certainty that if you pick a large prime number at random the probability it is part of a twin prime is extremely low. In a similar way</span> we can say the probability <span class="gmail_default" style="">that </span>we live in an observable universe<span class="gmail_default" style=""> where the light cones of 2 technological civilizations overlap is much much smaller than the probability we live in an observable universe where they do not.</span></b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default" style=""><br></span></b></font></div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>Deepseek mentions the "dark forest" hypothesis, and that needs to make the assumption there will be resource limitations, but if such limitations do exist they are in the inconceivably distant future w<span class="gmail_default" style="">hen</span> the <span class="gmail_default" style="">energy</span> output of the entire observable universe is insufficient. It <span class="gmail_default" style="">also </span>assumes that a civilization can take only two actions, hide or destroy, but there is a third possibility when repeated interaction is possible, cooperation; and we know that in an iterated prisoner's dilemma game cooperation can produce a stable equilibrium.</b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><br></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>Deep sink also mentions the <span class="gmail_default" style="">"</span>cosmic zoo<span class="gmail_default" style="">"</span> hypothesis<span class="gmail_default" style="">, but I think that one is too silly to talk about. </span></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><br></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><span class="gmail_default" style=""><b>John K Clark</b></span></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font size="4"><b style=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font size="4"><b style=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font size="4"><b style=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></b></font></div><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><font size="4"><b style=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></font></b></font><div><br></div><div> </div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, 15 Jun 2026 at 06:35, Stuart LaForge via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" target="_blank">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div>
One of the biggest reasons for the Fermi Paradox is the vast size of the <br>
observable universe and the relativity of time. One very important <br>
consideration about the biogenesis of life is that nucleic acids both <br>
DNA and RNA use phosphorus to create phosphodiester bonds. Phosphorus, <br>
while somewhat abundant on Earth is relatively rare in our past light <br>
cone. This is because phosphorus was created by stellar nucleosynthesis <br>
only recent in the population III or third generation stars before being <br>
dispersed by supernovae. The first pop III stars only showed up 8 or 9 <br>
billion years after the big bang so life could only have arisen anywhere <br>
in the universe starting about 4 or 5 billion years ago.<br><br></div><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><snip></span><div>
<br>
In any case the rarity of elemental phosphorus and its nucleosythesis <br>
timelines puts an upper bound on the oldest possible carbon-based life <br>
in the universe.<br>
<br>
Stuart LaForge<br>
_______________________________________________<br></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Hi Stuart</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">DeepSeek liked your comment and added it to the reasons for the Fermi Paradox! :)</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">(Though it did nit-pick some points).</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">DeepSeek discussed your reply and launched off into a description of how it affected its view of the universe.</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">BillK</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">DeepSeek AI -</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)"></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><p><span>This is a thoughtful and scientifically grounded comment. It touches on </span><strong><span>astrobiology, nucleosynthesis, and relativistic light cone effects</span></strong><span>—all of which are relevant to the Fermi Paradox and to Kipping’s paper. Let me evaluate it carefully.</span></p><hr><h2><span>Summary of the Comment’s Core Argument</span></h2><ol start="1"><li><p><strong><span>Phosphorus is rare</span></strong><span> – It is essential for DNA/RNA (phosphodiester bonds) and ATP (energy transport).</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Phosphorus is created late</span></strong><span> – Mainly in supernovae of Population III (first) stars, which formed ~8–9 Gyr after the Big Bang.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Therefore, complex carbon-based life could only arise ~4–5 Gyr ago</span></strong><span> (cosmic comoving time).</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Consequence</span></strong><span>
– Intelligent life might be so rare and recent that every civilization
thinks it is the first in its light cone. Overlap of light cones will
happen far in the future.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Relativistic effects</span></strong><span> – Recession velocities and gravity wells delay detection of technosignatures from distant galaxies.</span></p></li></ol><hr><h2><span>Evaluation: What the Comment Gets Right</span></h2><h3><span>1. Phosphorus is indeed a bottleneck</span></h3><ul><li><p><strong><span>Phosphorus (P)</span></strong><span>
is the 11th most abundant element in Earth’s crust but only ~0.1% of
the Milky Way’s elemental abundance (by mass). Most cosmic P is locked
in phosphides (e.g., schreibersite) in meteorites, not freely available.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Nucleosynthesis:</span></strong><span>
P is produced in Type II supernovae (massive stars) and possibly in
some AGB stars. The first significant P enrichment occurred after the
first supernovae from Population III stars, which formed at </span><span><span></span><span aria-hidden="true"><span><span style="height:0.4306em"></span><span style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span><span style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span>∼</span><span style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span><span style="height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span>15</span><span style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span>−</span><span style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span><span style="height:0.6444em"></span><span>20</span></span></span></span><span>
(about 200–300 million years after the Big Bang). But those early
supernovae produced very little P—most P came from later generations of
stars with higher metallicity.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Quantitatively:</span></strong><span> A 2019 study by Macià et al. (using ALMA) found that P is only </span>~<span>1/100th as abundant in the early universe (z</span>~<span>2) as in the Milky Way today. So the comment’s timeline is plausible: </span><strong><span>widespread P availability likely required several billion years of stellar enrichment.</span></strong></p></li></ul><h3><span>2. This puts a lower bound on the emergence of complex life</span></h3><ul><li><p><span>The earliest plausible date for phosphorus-rich planets is around </span><strong><span>5–6 Gyr after the Big Bang</span></strong><span>
(i.e., 8–9 Gyr ago in lookback time). Our own Solar System formed 4.6
Gyr ago, when cosmic P levels were already similar to today’s.</span></p></li><li><p><span>So
the comment’s claim that “life could only have arisen starting about 4
or 5 billion years ago” is consistent with current astrobiology. The </span><strong><span>first window</span></strong><span> for complex (multicellular, technological) life might be much narrower—perhaps only the last 1–2 Gyr of cosmic history.</span></p></li></ul><h3><span>3. Light cone effects are underappreciated</span></h3><ul><li><p><strong><span>In a ΛCDM universe</span></strong><span>, two points separated by >~1 Gpc today are </span><em><span>causally disconnected</span></em><span> because the Hubble expansion exceeds the speed of light. Their past light cones may never overlap.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Even for galaxies within the same light cone, </span><strong><span>lookback time</span></strong><span>
means we see them as they were billions of years ago. If most
technological species arose only recently (last 0.5–1 Gyr), then we
would not yet see their signals from distant galaxies—the light is still
in transit.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Gravitational time dilation</span></strong><span>
near massive galaxies or clusters can delay signals by microseconds to
seconds, but that is negligible compared to cosmic travel times.
However, </span><strong><span>cosmological redshift</span></strong><span> lengthens wavelengths and reduces signal-to-noise—a real detection difficulty.</span></p></li></ul><h3><span>4. The comment offers a specific “rare life” resolution to the Fermi Paradox</span></h3><ul><li><p><span>If the spawn rate </span><span><span></span><span aria-hidden="true"><span><span style="height:0.6944em"></span><span>λ</span></span></span></span><span> in Kipping’s model is constrained by nucleosynthesis and planetary formation timescales, then </span><span><span></span><span aria-hidden="true"><span><span style="height:0.6944em"></span><span>λ</span></span></span></span><span> is not a free parameter—it is </span><strong><span>effectively zero for most of cosmic history</span></strong><span>.</span></p></li><li><p><span>This aligns with Kipping’s required extreme rarity (1 in </span><span><span></span><span aria-hidden="true"><span><span style="height:0.8141em"></span><span>1</span><span><span>0</span><span><span><span><span style="height:0.8141em"><span style="margin-right:0.05em"><span style="height:2.7em"></span><span><span><span>16</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span> stars) but provides a </span><em><span>physical mechanism</span></em><span> rather than just a statistical constraint.</span></p></li></ul><hr><h2><span>Evaluation: What the Comment Misses or Overstates</span></h2><h3><span>1. Phosphorus is not strictly necessary for life</span></h3><ul><li><p><span>The comment assumes “carbon-based life” requires DNA/RNA. But theoretical alternatives exist:</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Arsenic-based life</span></strong><span> (though disputed; the GFAJ-1 bacterium was later shown to use P, not As).</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Boron-based polymers</span></strong><span> or </span><strong><span>silicon-based life</span></strong><span> (theoretically possible but no known examples).</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Non-nucleic acid information systems</span></strong><span> (e.g., peptide nucleic acids, threose nucleic acids) that might use different backbones.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span>However, the comment’s </span><em><span>broader point</span></em><span>—that a late-acting, rare element is needed—holds even if the specific element differs. The </span><strong><span>availability of heavy elements</span></strong><span> in general (C, N, O, P, S, Fe, etc.) required multiple generations of supernovae.</span></p></li></ul><h3><span>2. The timeline is too compressed</span></h3><ul><li><p><span>The comment says “Population III stars only showed up 8 or 9 billion years after the Big Bang.” This is </span><strong><span>incorrect by about a factor of 10</span></strong><span>.</span></p><ul><li><p><span>The Big Bang happened ~13.8 Gyr ago.</span></p></li><li><p><span>The first stars (Pop III) formed at </span><span><span></span><span aria-hidden="true"><span><span style="height:0.4306em"></span><span style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span><span style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span>∼</span><span style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span><span style="height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span>15</span><span style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span>−</span><span style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span><span style="height:0.6444em"></span><span>30</span></span></span></span><span>, which is </span><strong><span>~200–400 million years after the Big Bang</span></strong><span>, not 8–9 billion years.</span></p></li><li><p><span>What takes time is the </span><strong><span>enrichment</span></strong><span>
of phosphorus to levels comparable to the Solar System. That likely
required 1–2 Gyr of supernovae from later stellar populations.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span>Corrected timeline:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Pop III stars: 13.6–13.4 Gyr ago (0.2–0.4 Gyr after BB)</span></p></li><li><p><span>First P-rich galaxies: ~12 Gyr ago</span></p></li><li><p><span>Solar System formation: 4.6 Gyr ago</span></p></li><li><p><span>First possible complex life: perhaps 8–9 Gyr ago (but no evidence)</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span>So the window for complex life is </span><strong><span>at least 8 Gyr</span></strong><span>, not 4–5 Gyr. That is still enough time for multiple rounds of galactic infection (per Kipping).</span></p></li></ul><h3><span>3. Light cone effects cut both ways</span></h3><ul><li><p><span>The
comment argues that “every civilization thinks it is the first” because
light cones haven’t overlapped yet. But in an infinite universe (or
sufficiently large finite universe), </span><strong><span>some civilizations’ light cones would have overlapped</span></strong><span> if they exist at similar times. The fact that we see no overlap implies either:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Civilizations are extremely sparse (the comment’s conclusion), or</span></p></li><li><p><span>They are not broadcasting in detectable ways (Zoo Hypothesis, Dark Forest), or</span></p></li><li><p><span>They exist but we haven’t looked properly (search volume problem).</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span>The comment’s argument is </span><strong><span>stronger for remote galaxies</span></strong><span>
than for our own galaxy. Within the Milky Way, light travel times are
only ~10^5 years—negligible compared to evolutionary timescales. So the
comment does not explain the </span><em><span>galactic</span></em><span> Fermi Paradox.</span></p></li></ul><h3><span>4. Recession velocities and time dilation are negligible for infection</span></h3><ul><li><p><span>The comment mentions “recession velocities… delaying detection.” But for a self-replicating infection front moving at </span><span><span></span><span aria-hidden="true"><span><span style="height:0.6444em"></span><span>0.1</span><span>c</span></span></span></span><span>, the </span><strong><span>Hubble flow</span></strong><span> at distances >~1 Gpc actually </span><em><span>prevents</span></em><span>
the front from ever reaching us (the universe expands faster than the
front). That is a real effect—Kipping’s expansion factor captures it.</span></p></li><li><p><span>However, </span><strong><span>gravitational time dilation</span></strong><span> is tiny (</span><span><span></span><span aria-hidden="true"><span><span style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span>Δ</span><span>t</span><span>/</span><span>t</span><span style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span>∼</span><span style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span><span style="height:1.0641em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span style="margin-right:0.10903em">GM</span><span>/</span><span style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span><span>c</span><span><span><span><span style="height:0.8141em"><span style="margin-right:0.05em"><span style="height:2.7em"></span><span><span>2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span>∼</span><span style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span><span style="height:0.8141em"></span><span>1</span><span><span>0</span><span><span><span><span style="height:0.8141em"><span style="margin-right:0.05em"><span style="height:2.7em"></span><span><span><span>−</span><span>6</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span> for a galaxy cluster). It does not meaningfully delay infection or signals.</span></p></li></ul><hr><h2><span>How This Comment Relates to Kipping’s Paper</span></h2><div><div style="width:100%;height:0px"><div style="display:block;height:8px"><div style="width:490.869px"></div></div><div style="width:8px"></div></div><table><thead><tr><th><span>Aspect</span></th><th><span>Comment’s claim</span></th><th><span>Kipping’s model</span></th><th><span>Agreement?</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong><span>Rarity of P</span></strong></td><td><span>Limits emergence of complex life to last ~5 Gyr</span></td><td><span>No direct P parameter; uses generic </span><span><span></span><span aria-hidden="true"><span><span style="height:0.7651em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span><span>t</span><span><span><span><span style="height:0.2806em"><span style="margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span style="height:2.7em"></span><span><span><span><span>start</span></span></span></span></span></span><span></span></span><span><span style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td><td><span>The comment provides a physical justification for Kipping’s </span><span><span></span><span aria-hidden="true"><span><span style="height:0.7651em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span><span>t</span><span><span><span><span style="height:0.2806em"><span style="margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span style="height:2.7em"></span><span><span><span><span>start</span></span></span></span></span></span><span></span></span><span><span style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span>=</span><span style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span><span style="height:0.6444em"></span><span>4.5</span></span></span></span><span> Gyr (Earth’s age) or later.</span></td></tr><tr><td><strong><span>Light cone overlap</span></strong></td><td><span>Civilizations think they are first</span></td><td><span>Not modelled (assumes instantaneous information)</span></td><td><span>The comment points to a missing effect: finite speed of light delays </span><em><span>observation</span></em><span>, not infection. Kipping’s infection front is physical, not informational.</span></td></tr><tr><td><strong><span>Expansion delays</span></strong></td><td><span>Recession delays signals</span></td><td><span>Included via FLRW metric and </span><span><span></span><span aria-hidden="true"><span><span style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span>a</span><span>(</span><span>t</span><span>)</span></span></span></span></td><td><strong><span>Agrees</span></strong><span>: expansion is crucial. Kipping shows it is insufficient to stop infection at </span><span><span></span><span aria-hidden="true"><span><span style="height:0.4306em"></span><span>u</span><span style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span>=</span><span style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span><span style="height:0.6444em"></span><span>0.1</span><span>c</span></span></span></span><span>.</span></td></tr><tr><td><strong><span>Conclusion</span></strong></td><td><span>Life is rare enough that first contact is far future</span></td><td><span>Requires λ tiny to avoid infection</span></td><td><strong><span>Agrees in outcome</span></strong><span> (life is rare) but for different reasons. Comment says </span><em><span>timing</span></em><span> of P availability makes life rare; Kipping says </span><em><span>any</span></em><span> infection forces λ tiny.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr><h2><span>Final Verdict on the Comment</span></h2><p><strong><span>Quality:</span></strong><span>
A-/B+. It is scientifically literate, correctly identifies a real
biochemical constraint (P availability), and adds a valuable temporal
bound. The factual error about Pop III timing is minor; the core logic
stands.</span></p><p><strong><span>Novelty:</span></strong><span>
The connection between phosphorus nucleosynthesis and the Fermi Paradox
has been discussed before (e.g., by R. N. Boyd, C. H. Lineweaver), but
it is not widely known. The comment brings a fresh, concrete chemical
constraint into a discussion often dominated by Drake equation parameter
speculation.</span></p><p><strong><span>Limitations:</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><span>Overstates the exclusivity of P (there are theoretical biochemical alternatives).</span></p></li><li><p><span>Underestimates the time available (~8 Gyr, not 4–5 Gyr).</span></p></li><li><p><span>Does not explain the </span><em><span>galactic</span></em><span> Fermi Paradox (light cone effects are tiny within our galaxy).</span></p></li></ul><p><strong><span>Agreement with you (the user):</span></strong><span> Your earlier concerns about energy and biospheres are complementary. The comment adds a </span><em><span>chemical</span></em><span> bottleneck (rare element), while you added </span><em><span>energetic</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>ecological</span></em><span> bottlenecks. Together, they make a strong case that </span><strong><span>even
if Kipping’s mathematics is correct, the physical assumptions (easy
replication, universal biospheres, zero energy cost) are so unrealistic
that the conclusion does not apply to our universe.</span></strong></p>-----</div></div></div>
</blockquote></div></div>