<div dir="auto"><div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Oct 7, 2026, 3:50 PM Ben Zaiboc via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">On 07/10/2026 18:50, Jason Resch wrote:<br>
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> On Wed, Oct 7, 2026, 4:57 AM Ben Zaiboc via extropy-chat <<a href="mailto:extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">extropy-chat@lists.extropy.org</a>> wrote:<br>
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> On 06/10/2026 22:32, Jason Resch wrote:<br>
> > Godel used almost the same argument to reach the same conclusion:<br>
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> > "[The existence of] absolutely undecidable mathematical propositions, seems to disprove the view that mathematics is only our own creation; for the creator necessarily knows all properties of his creatures, because they can’t have any others except those he has given to them.<br>
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> This is not true. A creation often has properties that its creator didn't explicitly give it, and has no prior knowledge of.<br>
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> John Conway didn't know all the properties of his Game of Life, that has become a famous example of not knowing what a system will do before it does it. Mandelbrot didn't know all the properties of fractals. Those are just two immediately obvious examples. There are many more.<br>
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> But note the two examples you gave are mathematical objects--the very kind that Godel would say were discovered rather than created.<br>
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Are they? I thought they were computer algorithms. They can probably be represented mathematically, but that doesn't make them 'mathematical objects'. Does it?</blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The Game of Life is a particular instance of a cellular automata ( <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton</a> ) and automata theory is a field that branches across computer science and mathematics. John von Neumann famously discovered a self replicating machine ( <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_universal_constructor" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_universal_constructor</a> ) that existed within a cellular automaton, and he did this without using a computer and more remarkably, before the discovery of DNA.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Turing machines themselves were first defined mathematically, and in a sense they only exist abstractly in mathematics given their stipulated infinite memory, so I would also class computer science as a subset of mathematics. Turing's teacher Alonzo Church beat Turing to the punch with his "lambda calculus" a way of defining programs via recursive mathematical functions.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The Mabdlebrot set is itself a recursive function applied in a complex plane ( <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_plane" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_plane</a> ) . It is where the function: f(z) = z^2 + c</div><div dir="auto">For the complex point c, is applied to itself over and over again to itself, setting z = 0 for the first iteration, and checking whether this process diverges towards infinity or not.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">So it too is mathematical, but without the aid of computers it is quite onerous to draw at any reasonable resolution. I remember a friend wrote a program to draw it on a TI-83 graphing calculator in middle school.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">There remain many unknown properties of the Mabdlebrot set. There's still quite a bit of uncertainty concerning its area, for example.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> I don't really know what it means anyway. An object made of maths? Errr, never mind.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It is a difficult question. Especially when one considers they our whole universe might itself exist as a mathematical object.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_universe_hypothesis" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_universe_hypothesis</a></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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But leaving that aside, there are things in the systems that can be discovered, yes, but the point is that they can only be discovered /after the system has been invented/. No glider gun existed to be discovered before Conway created the Game of Life. It's a thing that can be discovered, but only as a consequence of (and only within) a system that is invented. A system that didn't exist before.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Would intelligent aliens likely come upon numbers like e and Pi? Would they have invented such numbers or would they have discovered their unavoidable applicability across a diverse range of problems, just as they might make similar discoveries of gravity and radio waves?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Is it possible or perhaps even likely that aliens would also happen upon automata theory, and find the GoL particularly interesting among possible rule sets, given it's capacity for emergent complexity?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">You are right that as we move from more fundamental mathematical things like Pi and e, to cellular automata, and on to things like the game of chess, then the word "invented" does seem to become more appropriate than "discovered." And finally when you get to things like fictional stories then discovered seems a very strange word to use.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I think it all comes down to our sense of the probability of someone else on earth happening upon something. The more inevitable it is the more apt we are to use the word discovered.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">But across a spatially infinite universe, countless authors on countless planets "discover" the works of Shakespeare, and countless composers "discover" the works of Beethoven. If nothing is ever truly unique or novel across the whole of reality, then invention only has meaning locally. Across the whole of reality, everything is merely (re)discovered.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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Yes, you can claim that it 'existed' in some hypothetical sense, in that it's one of an infinite number of things that could possibly exist, but that means nothing, really, and leads nowhere.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It's fun to think about. :-)</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> Compare this against the properties a fiction author creates for the characters in his book, all of which are assigned explicitly or implicitly through the text put on paper. There is no more to those characters than what the author happens to write down.<br>
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> But this is never true for objects in math. The number 3 has more properties than could ever be written down in any book, even if you used all the atoms in the observable universe as pages.<br>
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> Given this, it would seem that Godel was wrong, and the existence of undecidable propositions does not disprove the view that maths is our creation.<br>
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> In fact, the Game of Life is a good illustration of the whole thing: Glider guns had to be discovered, they weren't known until someone chanced upon them, but neither did they exist prior to Conway creating the rules of the game. So there was no pre-existing 'platonic' glider gun, until someone set up the rules that brought it into existence.<br>
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> Yes and note you used the word "discovered" which I think is the appropriate word for finding things like glider guns or other possible structures or properties in GoL.<br>
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> GoL was defined (I won't use created or discovered here to not beg the question) in 1970, but it wasn't until 1982 that it was proven that one could build a Turing machine in the game of life. And it wasn't until 2018 that someone found a way to build a universal Turing machine with a working tape.<br>
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> This possibility was always there in the basic rules. But none of this was immediately known to Conway when he out the rules down on paper.<br>
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> So as Godel asked: could such a thing like GoL be "only our own creation" when it has so many rich properties beyond what Conway originally knew? And if these later-discovered properties were not known by Conway, and therefore not specified by him, then where do they come from?<br>
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They are a consequence of the rules of the system. You could call them emergent properties, probably. As soon as any system crosses a certain threshold (which must lie somewhere between a dynamic system like GoL and a fixed one like a printed story), then unexpected and unknown properties can emerge.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I consider something as objectively real through the test of intersubjective agreement, i.e. if two or more independent researchers investigating the same thing reliably converge on discovering the same set of previously unknown properties, then that thing is real.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Admittedly this test has its flaws, but I don't know of a better one, and if you know of a better definition or test, then I hope you will share it. (By better I mean having a lower false negative rate, as well as a lower false positive rate).</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">One consequence of this definition is it makes anything that can be consistently defined real, and don't leads to platonism. This may be a weakness or a strength, depending on your inclinations. But one advantage is it explains many features of our universe and its laws </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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GoL was definitely created, not discovered in any but the most trivial and meaningless sense. If you can claim that it was discovered, then absolutely everything, without exception, is 'discovered', and the word loses its meaning.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I agree the difference between invented and discovered can lose its distinction.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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> How can two isolated observers both discover the same properties of GoL or the Mandelbrot set, unless there is some sort of objective truth exists concerning these objects? If the properties are already there, waiting to be found, then mathematical objects are not *only* our creations. <br>
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It would be very strange if two different observers discovered conflicting properties of the same system, don't you think?</blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">If the thing is real then it shouldn't happen. If it is fictional, however, then different observers might reach different opinions deriving previously unknown properties, for example in deciding how many hairs Ebenezer Scrooge has on his head, or what Santa Claus's thumbprint looks like.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> I'd go as far as to say that it's probably impossible, unless the system somehow changes depending on who is investigating it.<br>
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As I keep saying (and as I think that Gemini is saying, if I understand correctly), the properties come into being as a consequence of the system being created (and used. </blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I don't buy it. How can one finite act, by finite beings, in a finite universe, create infinite properties?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">As I see it, either finite acts only create finite things, and there aren't infinite primes or digits of Pi, or there are infinite primes and digits of Pi, and our finite acts can only finitely grope at them (but they can't create them).</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Gemini's hybrid view (which I think is best described as contingent platonism) seems to combine the least intuitive aspects of both platonism and constructivism. It has the infinitely incomprehensible objects of platonism, but it conditions their existence on finite and temporal human activity.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">If Conway created GoL but nobody ever played it, I don't think it would really make sense to claim that glider guns existed. After all, nobody would have heard of them! The term, and the concept, would never exist). There may be an infinity of such properties, but before the system existed, they didn't exist either. And if nobody ever reveals them by playing the game or running the system, whatever it might be, then it probably makes sense to say that they still don't exist yet, even though the potential for them does.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">What would you say if someone in another far away galaxy (outside our light cone) discovered them, would they exist? If you say it would not exist in that case, the must the question of existence be answered separately for every observer? If you meet a guy on the street who's never heard of Conway or his GoL, does it not exist for him?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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Otherwise, you end up saying that an infinity of things that we have absolutely no knowledge of, can't even imagine, and will never ever see, definitely 'exist'.</blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">That is a view I have learned to make peace with. Setting aside the hundreds of billions of galaxies and the 10^22 other star systems in the observable universe, there are at least 10^120 bubble universes with different vacuum energies, and at least 10^500 possible string theory universes. There are also very many integers and digits of Pi and primes we will never see (most of them in fact).</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">This is what it means to be finite beings with finite brains in a finite observable universe which sits in a plausibly infinite space, in a plausibly infinite multiverse, which may fall out of an infinite Ruliad or the set of all mathematical objects or all possible computations.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> I can't see such a viewpoint being any use at all, and of course you can never know if it's true. It becomes something like another kind of 'halting problem'.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It is easy to think that such an ontology has no consequences, but quite surprisingly, that is a false assumption. If all computations exist, then there are testable consequences that follow. I documented 98 examples of these consequences from a survey of the literature here:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><a href="https://zenodo.org/records/19474213">https://zenodo.org/records/19474213</a></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Jason </div></div>