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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> John Clark <johnkclark@gmail.com> <br><b>…</b></span><o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in'><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span class=m-748933010766819867gmaildefault><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>I have seen a compelling theory on that. Bipedal walking enables humans to have a great deal of distance endurance even if at the expense of speed. </span></i></span><o:p></o:p></p></div></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>>…Yes but I don't see why Bipedal walking would be better at endurance than quadratic walking,<span class=gmaildefault> if anything the reverse would seem more likely to me….<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>Bipedal motion in general isn’t more energy efficient than quad motion, but it is more efficient than how apes do quad motion. I don’t think apes can chase game all day. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> </span></b></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in'><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span class=m-748933010766819867gmaildefault><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> </span></b></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span class=m-748933010766819867gmaildefault><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>If the hands had evolved to be able to knap flint, they could create the tools necessary to butcher the beest,</span></b></span><o:p></o:p></p></div></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>>…Yes if you have a big brain and hands you could do that,<span class=gmaildefault><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> but you can't do that with just hands and hands evolved before big brains….<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>The notion is that hands improved the ability of early humans to hurl stones. In that scenario, the bipedal motion came first, which freed up the hands to hurl stones and to grasp and manipulate the stones to break femurs and other big bones, giving the bipeds access to bone marrow, which enabled (and gave advantages to) big brains. So the sequence is feet then hands then brains, which explains with Australopithecus afarensis anatomy. Lucy was bipedal but didn’t have the huge scull.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>>…What are the huge disadvantages of evolution is that it has no foresight, even if a mutation would give a great advantage two or three steps down the line it's not going to get passed to the next generation unless it conveys an advantage right now RIGHT NOW….<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Understanding that concept is a critical piece to the puzzle. Stephen Jay Gould writes about it, giving examples of pre-adaptation: structures which adapted because of evolutionary pressure which were later pre-adapted for an entirely different use.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=gmaildefault><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>>…</span></span>It just doesn't understand that one step back and two steps forward<span class=gmaildefault><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> is an advance because evolution is dumb but until it got around to impending a brain that was the only way that complex objects could get built. </span></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Note that after humans developed huge brains, everything gets confusing. Groups have the option of selecting for traits that become difficult to explain.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in'><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span class=m-748933010766819867gmaildefault><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>The interesting point is that bipedalism is almost where chimps are today. It doesn’t take much of a mutation for a modern ape to stand and walk on two feet.</span></i></span><o:p></o:p></p></div></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>>…True, but what immediate advantage would that mutation confer?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>My best guess on that is that bipedal motion in a group of apes allows the tall guy to intimidate the other males and impress the females. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>spike<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in'><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><o:p> </o:p></p></div></blockquote></div></body></html>