<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>The local opposition to new AI data centers in the USA has started to worry me, so I asked GPT another question. </b></font><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><br></b></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><b><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif" style=""><u>ME</u>: </font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif" size="4" style="">What are the prospects of building multi-gigawatt AI Data centers in Canada?</font></b></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font size="4"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>GPT: " </b></font><span style="background-color:transparent">Canada is potentially one of the world's best locations for enormous AI data centers. In some respects, I think it has a better long-term opportunity than Iceland because it combines abundant freshwater, a cold climate, enormous hydroelectric resources, and a much larger land area and electricity system. </span><span style="background-color:transparent">But there is a paradox: </span><b style="background-color:transparent">Canada has enormous energy resources, yet it currently has surprisingly little spare electricity available in the places where data-center developers want to build. </b><span style="background-color:transparent">The distinction between energy resources and electricity that can actually be delivered to a particular site is crucial.</span></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font size="4"><span style="background-color:transparent"><br></span></font></div></div><span style="font-size:large;background-color:transparent">I would look particularly at four provinces.</span><div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style=""><p><font size="4">1. Quebec</font></p><p><font size="4">Enormous hydroelectric resources, relatively inexpensive electricity and a cold climate. Probably one of the most attractive long-term locations, provided Hydro-Québec can expand generation and transmission</font></p><p><font size="4">2. Alberta</font></p><p><font size="4">The most interesting near-term development story. It has abundant natural gas and is actively attracting data-center investment. Dedicated power plants could bypass some grid constraints.</font></p><p><font size="4">3. Manitoba</font></p><p><font size="4">Extensive hydroelectric resources and a relatively small population. Worth investigating for long-term developments, although new transmission and generation would be necessary for gigawatt-scale projects.</font></p><p><font size="4">4. British Columbia</font></p><p><font size="4">Excellent hydroelectric resources and climate. However, the provincial government is rationing new electricity allocations for AI and data centers.</font></p></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4"><b>The surprising leader in actual investment: Alberta</b></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Alberta is particularly interesting because Meta has announced an investment exceeding US $9.1 billion in a major AI data center in Sturgeon County. </font><span style="font-size:large;background-color:transparent">The associated electricity project is a 932-megawatt natural-gas-fired power plant. Operations are expected to begin in the second half of 2030.</span></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">This illustrates an important strategy: instead of waiting for the provincial electricity grid to supply an enormous new load, developers can build dedicated power generation alongside the data center. </font><span style="font-size:large;background-color:transparent">Alberta has substantial natural-gas resources, so this approach is feasible. </span><span style="font-size:large;background-color:transparent">However, Alberta has received requests for approximately 21 GW of data-center connections, while its electricity system operator has indicated that only 1.2 GW of additional data-center load could be accommodated by 2028 without compromising reliability. </span><span style="font-size:large;background-color:transparent">That is a remarkable difference between developers' ambitions and the electricity actually available.</span></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4"><b>Why Quebec might be the biggest long-term opportunity</b></font></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Quebec has something Alberta doesn't: an enormous established hydroelectric system. <span style="background-color:transparent">Hydro-Québec generates large quantities of relatively inexpensive, low-carbon electricity. Its reservoirs also provide flexibility to balance electricity demand. </span></font><span style="font-size:large;background-color:transparent">But Quebec has already encountered a problem: technology companies have expressed interest in more electricity than the province can readily provide. </span><span style="font-size:large;background-color:transparent">Hydro-Québec has consequently restricted new electricity allocations for large data-center developments while it evaluates its future generating and transmission requirements. </span><span style="font-size:large;background-color:transparent">For a company thinking 10–15 years ahead, however, Quebec deserves serious consideration.</span></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4"><b>British Columbia is another interesting case</b></font></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">British Columbia has abundant hydroelectricity, but its government has decided that electricity allocation must be competitive.</font></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Its current two-year allocation framework provides:</font></p><ul style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><li><div><div><p><font size="4">300 MW for AI data centers.</font></p></div></div></li><li><div><div><p><font size="4">100 MW for conventional data centers.</font></p></div></div></li><li><div><div><p><font size="4">200 MW for hydrogen-for-export projects.</font></p></div></div></li></ul><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Its 2026 application round received 15 applications requesting nearly 800 MW in total.</font><span style="font-size:large;background-color:transparent">This illustrates that abundant hydroelectric resources do not automatically translate into unrestricted access for data-center developers.</span></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4"><b>How much data-center construction is Canada actually anticipating?</b></font></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">A useful October 2026 industry assessment from Colliers found:</font></p><ul style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><li><div><div><p><font size="4">Approximately 1.415 GW of operating data-center capacity in Canada.</font></p></div></div></li><li><div><div><p><font size="4">At least 5.5 GW of named projects either planned or under construction.</font></p></div></div></li><li><p><font size="4">Alberta accounts for most of the visible development pipeline.</font></p><p></p></li></ul><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Those figures are encouraging, but planned projects are not necessarily financed, approved, connected to electricity or ultimately constructed.</font></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">The Canadian government's own energy outlook is more cautious. Its baseline scenario anticipates an additional 1.5 GW of data-center electricity demand by 2030. Its high-growth scenario anticipates 2.7 GW.</font></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">Canada has also introduced national principles requiring data centers to protect electricity ratepayers, minimize water consumption and provide lasting benefits to Canadian communities.</font></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4"><b>My biggest question: Could Canada accommodate a 3 GW AI campus?</b></font></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">A hypothetical 3 GW AI data center ( a<span style="background-color:transparent">nnual electricity consumption at continuous full power would be 26.28 </span><span style="background-color:transparent">terawatt-hours) t</span><span style="background-color:transparent">hat would require:</span></font></p><ul style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><li><div><div><p><font size="4">Several new large power-generation projects.</font></p></div></div></li><li><div><div><p><font size="4">Major transmission infrastructure.</font></p></div></div></li><li><div><div><p><font size="4">Substantial backup generation and grid support.</font></p></div></div></li><li><div><div><p><font size="4">A dedicated cooling and water-management system.</font></p></div></div></li><li><div><div><p><font size="4">Long-term agreements protecting the electricity supply.</font></p></div></div></li></ul><p><font size="4">I think this is technically achievable in Canada, particularly through a combination of hydroelectricity, natural gas, nuclear power and new renewable generation. <span style="background-color:transparent">But I would not expect a 3 GW facility to materialize quickly using existing spare electricity.</span></font></p><font size="4">My particular interest would be Quebec and Manitoba for hydroelectric-powered AI, and Alberta for dedicated-power developments. One final thought: I suspect Canada could eventually become an important alternative to the United States for AI computing, particularly for training large models where a few milliseconds of additional network latency are relatively unimportant.<br><br>The question isn't whether Canada has enough natural resources. It does. The question is whether it can build generating capacity, transmission lines and data centers quickly enough to capitalize on those resources. That is an infrastructure and political challenge, rather than a technological one." </font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font size="4"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font size="4"><b><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">John K Clark</font></b><br></font><p><font size="4"><b><br></b></font></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:transparent"><br></span></p></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, Nov 5, 2026 at 8:42 AM John Clark <<a href="mailto:johnkclark@gmail.com">johnkclark@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b>Many newly elected Democratic governors have advocated a pause an AI Data Center construction, so I asked GPT the following question:</b></font></div><div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default"><u>ME</u>: </span>What state looks to you like the most attractive for building large data centers in the next few years?</b></font><div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;background-color:transparent"><br></span></div><div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;background-color:transparent"><br></span></div><div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;background-color:transparent"><b><u>GPT</u></b>: "I would pay particular attention to these five states:</span><br></font></div><ol><li><div><div><p><font size="4">Georgia: Strong site-readiness measurements, but local opposition is significant.</font></p></div></div></li><li><div><div><p><font size="4">Tennessee: Attractive combination of infrastructure and development opportunities.</font></p></div></div></li><li><div><div><p><font size="4">South Carolina: Another promising southeastern location.</font></p></div></div></li><li><div><div><p><font size="4">Texas: Enormous potential, but substantial uncertainty over electricity and permitting.</font></p></div></div></li><li><div><div><p><font size="4">Pennsylvania: Particularly interesting because of its natural-gas resources and existing electrical infrastructure.</font></p></div></div></li></ol><p><font size="4">Florida is also competitive, but faces its own land-use, water, electricity and hurricane-related challenges.</font></p><p><font size="4">I think we may be approaching a situation in which the availability of electricity, rather than the availability of money or computer chips, becomes the principal constraint on AI expansion.<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span></font><span style="font-size:large;background-color:transparent">That could produce some surprising winners among states that currently receive relatively little attention in discussions about the AI industry.<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">"</span></span></p><font size="4"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></span><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><b><span class="gmail_default"><u>ME</u>: </span>Iceland has lots of freshwater and cheap energy due to hydroelectric and geothermal power, so would that be a good place to build multi gigawatt AI data centers?</b></font></font><p><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="4">GPT: "</font></span><font size="4">Iceland is potentially an excellent location for <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">a </span>specialized AI computing facility in the 300<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> Megawatt</span> range<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">, </span><span style="background-color:transparent">but <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Iceland</span> does not currently have the electrical infrastructure<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span>to accommodate the enormous multi-gigawatt campuses being contemplated by the largest American technology companies.<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> But two other countries probably could accommodate them, Norway and Finland.</span></span><span style="background-color:transparent"> Norway has enormous hydroelectric resources, Finland has substantial nuclear and other generation capacity, and both have much larger electricity systems than Iceland.<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </span></span><span style="background-color:transparent">I would investigate those two countries very seriously as potential European destinations for gigantic AI computing facilities.<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">"</span></span></font></p><p><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"><span style="background-color:transparent"><span class="gmail_default"><b>John K Clark</b></span></span></font></p><p><span style="font-size:large;background-color:transparent"><br></span></p><p><span style="font-size:large;background-color:transparent"><br></span></p></div>
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