[Paleopsych] Wiki: List of U.S. Presidential religious affiliations
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[Note this: "Franklin Steiner, in his book The Religious Beliefs Of Our
Presidents, categorized Harrison as the first President who was unquestionably
a communicant in an orthodox Church at the time he was elected.]
This is a list of the religious affiliations of Presidents of the
United States. The particular [3]religious affiliations of [4]U.S.
Presidents can affect their electability, shape their visions of
society and how they want to lead it, and shape their stances on
policy matters. For example, a contributing factor to [5]Alfred E.
Smith's defeat in the [6]presidential election of 1928 was his
[7]Roman Catholic faith. In the 1960s, President [8]John F. Kennedy
faced accusations that as a Catholic president he would do as [9]Pope
John XXIII would tell him to do. [10]Thomas Jefferson, [11]Abraham
Lincoln, and several other presidents were accused of being infidels
during election campaigns -- and at other times.
Throughout much of American history, the religion of past American
presidents has been the subject of contentious debate. Some devout
Americans have been disinclined to believe that there may have been
[12]agnostic or even non-Christian presidents, especially amongst the
[13]Founding Fathers of the United States. As a result, apocryphal
stories of a religious nature have appeared over the years about
particularly beloved presidents such as [14]Washington and Lincoln. On
the other hand, [15]secular-minded Americans have sometimes downplayed
the prominence that religion played in the private and political lives
of the Founding Fathers.
[16]Episcopalians are extraordinarily well represented among the
presidents. This is in part because the [17]Episcopal Church was the
[18]state religion in some states (such as Virginia) before their
Constitutions were changed. Before the [19]American Revolution, the
Episcopal Church was the American branch of the [20]Church of England.
The first seven presidents listed below with Episcopalian affiliation
were also the first seven from Virginia, and five of those were among
the six presidents most closely identified with [21]Deism. Since there
have seldom been any churches of Deism, strictly speaking Deist is not
an affiliation in the same way Episcopalian is; it is included in the
list below, however, to give a more complete view of the religious
views of the presidents.
The church closest to the [22]White House is also Episcopal, and has
been attended at least once by nearly every president since [23]James
Madison. St. John's Episcopal Church, just across Lafayette Square
north of the White House, and built after the [24]War of 1812, is one
of about five sometimes referred to as "the Church of the Presidents".
Many people are interested not only in the religious affiliations of
the presidents, but also in their inner beliefs. Some presidents, such
as Madison and [25]Monroe, were extremely reluctant to discuss their
own religious views at all. In general, it is difficult to define with
any certainty the [26]faiths of presidents, because no one can truly
be sure what relationship (if any) exists between another person and
his deity, and because presidents, as public officials, have generally
remained within the mainstream of American religious trends.
With regard to [27]Christianity, distinguishing affiliation from
belief can be somewhat complicated. At issue, to a certain extent, is
"What counts as belonging to a church?" Must one be a [28]communicant
to belong, or is [29]baptism or even simple attendance sufficient? Are
[30]Unitarians, [31]Jehovah's Witnesses, and independents who
generally hold [32]Jesus in high regard, but do not believe he was
divine, to be counted as Christians or not? Numerous presidents
changed their affiliations and/or their beliefs during their lives.
George Washington, for example, gravitated from conventional
Christianity as a youth towards [33]Deism as he aged.
Contents
* [34]1 List of Presidential religious affiliations/beliefs (by
President)
* [35]2 List of Presidential religious affiliations (by religion)
* [36]3 External links
* [37]4 Further reading
* [38]5 Presidential trivia lists
[[39]edit]
List of Presidential religious affiliations/beliefs (by President)
1. [40]George Washington - [41]Deist; [42]Episcopalian (VA)
+ The religious views of George Washington are a matter of some
controversy. There is strong evidence that he (like many of
the Founding Fathers) was a [43]Deist - believing in
[44]Divine Providence, but not believing in [45]divine
intervention in the world after the initial design. Before
the revolution, when the [46]Episcopal Church was still the
[47]state religion in [48]Virginia, he served as a vestryman
(lay officer) for his local church. He spoke often of the
value of religion in general, and he sometimes accompanied
his wife to Christian church services. However, there is no
record of his ever becoming a communicant in any
[49]Christian church and he would regularly leave services
before [50]communion - with the other non-communicants. When
Rev. Dr. James Abercrombie, rector of St. Peter's Episcopal
Church in Philadelphia mentioned in a weekly sermon that
those in elevated stations set an unhappy example by leaving
at communion, Washington ceased attending at all on communion
Sundays. Long after Washington died, asked about Washington's
beliefs, Abercrombie replied: "Sir, Washington was a Deist."
Various prayers said to have been composed by him in his
later life are highly edited. He did not ask for any clergy
on his deathbed, though one was available. His funeral
services were those of the [51]Freemasons.
2. [52]John Adams - [53]Unitarian (MA)
+ The Adamses were originally members of [54]Congregational
churches in [55]New England. Congregationalist churches
became more diverse than other [56]Reformed churches such as
[57]Presbyterians, where higher courts ensure doctrinal
uniformity. Many New England congregations reacted against
the [58]First Great Awakening and were influenced by
[59]Arminianism, [60]Deism, [61]Unitarianism, and (later)
[62]Transcendentalism - moving away from [63]Calvinism and
its doctrine of [64]Predestination. By the [65]1750s several
Congregational preachers were teaching the possibility of
[66]universal salvation. The first Unitarian church in
America was established in Boston in 1785. By 1800, all but
one Congregationalist church in [67]Boston had Unitarian
preachers teaching the [68]strict unity of God, the
subordinate nature of Christ, and salvation by character.
[69]Harvard University, founded by Congregationalists, itself
became a source of Unitarian training. [70][1]
3. [71]Thomas Jefferson - [72]Deist; [73]Episcopalian (VA)
+ Though a vestryman (lay officer) of the Episcopal Church in
Virginia, his beliefs were primarily [74]Deist. Unlike its
effect on Congregational churches, Deism had little influence
on Episcopal churches, which have a more hierarchical
structure making them slower to modify their teachings. Of
only three things Jefferson chose for his epitaph, one was
the 1786 Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom.
Jefferson's views are considered very close to [75]Unitarian
[76][2]. The [77]Famous UUs website says: [78][3]
"Like many others of his time (he died just one
year after the founding of institutional
[79]Unitarianism in America), Jefferson was a
Unitarian in theology, though not in church
membership. He never joined a Unitarian
congregation: there were none near his home in
Virginia during his lifetime. He regularly attended
[80]Joseph Priestley's Pennsylvania church when he
was nearby, and said that Priestley's theology was
his own, and there is no doubt Priestley should be
identified as Unitarian. Jefferson remained a
member of the [81]Episcopal congregation near his
home, but removed himself from those available to
become godparents, because he was not sufficiently
in agreement with the [82]trinitarian theology. His
work, The [83]Jefferson Bible, was Unitarian in
theology..."
+ A remarkable quote from a letter Jefferson wrote to a Dr.
Woods indicates that in fact he possessed considerable
antipathy towards Christianity:
"I have recently been examining all the known
superstitions of the world, and do not find in our
particular superstition one redeeming feature. They
are all alike founded on fables and mythology."
+ See [84]Wikiquote and [85]Positive Atheism for many more
similar quotes.
4. [86]James Madison - [87]Deist; [88]Episcopalian (VA)
+ In 1779 the [89]Virginia General Assembly deprived [90]Church
of England ministers of tax support, but in 1784 [91]Patrick
Henry sponsored a bill to again collect taxes to support
churches in general. Madison's 1785 Memorial and Remonstrance
was written in opposition to another bill to levy a general
assessment for the support of religions. The assessment bill
was tabled, and instead the legislature in 1786 passed
Jefferson's Bill for Religious Freedom, first submitted in
1779. Virginia thereby became the first state to disestablish
religion -- Rhode Island, Delaware, and Pennsylvania never
having had an established religion.
5. [92]James Monroe - [93]Deist; [94]Episcopalian (VA)
6. [95]John Quincy Adams - [96]Unitarian (MA) [97][4]
7. [98]Andrew Jackson - [99]Presbyterian (NC/SC)
+ became a member about a year after retiring the presidency
8. [100]Martin Van Buren - [101]Dutch Reformed or no affiliation (NY)
+ Van Buren did not join any church in Washington, nor in his
home town of [102]Kinderhook (village), New York. The sole
original source to claim that he did join a church - in
[103]Hudson, New York - is Vernon B. Hampton, in Religious
Background of the White House (Boston: Christopher Publishing
House, 1932). The basis for this claim has not been found.
9. [104]William Henry Harrison - [105]Episcopalian possibly (VA)
+ Harrison died just one month after his inauguration. After
funeral, rector at St. John's Episcopal Church in Washington,
DC said Harrison bought a Bible one day after his
inauguration and planned to soon become a communicant.
10. [106]John Tyler - [107]Deist; [108]Episcopalian (VA)
11. [109]James K. Polk - [110]Presbyterian; later [111]Methodist
(NC/TN)
+ Raised Presbyterian, Polk had never been baptized due to an
early family argument with the local Presbyterian minister in
rural North Carolina. Polk's father and grandfather were
Deists, and the minister refused to baptize James unless his
father affirmed Christianity, which he would not do. At age
38, Polk had a religious conversion to Methodism at a camp
meeting, and thereafter he thought of himself as a Methodist.
Out of respect for his mother and wife, however, he continued
to attend Presbyterian services. Whenever his wife was out of
town, or too ill to attend church, however, Polk worshipped
at the local Methodist chapel. On his deathbed less than 4
months after leaving the Presidency, he summoned the man who
had converted him years before, the Rev. John B. McFerrin,
who then baptized Polk as a Methodist.
12. [112]Zachary Taylor - [113]Episcopalian (VA)
13. [114]Millard Fillmore - [115]Unitarian (NY)
+ In the early 1830s, he worked to overturn the New York test
law that required all witnesses in New York courts to swear
an oath affirming their belief in God and the hereafter.
14. [116]Franklin Pierce - [117]Episcopalian (NH)
+ 1850: unsuccessfully worked to abolish that portion of the
New Hampshire Constitution which made the Protestant religion
the official religion.
+ 1853 inauguration: affirmed instead of swearing the oath; did
not kiss Bible
+ 1861: 4 years after retiring the presidency, he was baptized,
confirmed, and became a regular communicant in St. Paul's
Episcopal Church, in Concord, NH.
15. [118]James Buchanan - [119]Presbyterian (PA)
+ raised Presbyterian, he joined its church after he retired
the presidency
16. [120]Abraham Lincoln - [121]Deist; no affiliation known (KY/IN/IL)
+ Life before the presidency
o For much of his life, Lincoln was undoubtedly Deist (see
[122][5], [123][6]). In his younger days he openly
challenged orthodox religions, but as he matured and
became a candidate for public office he kept his Deist
views more to himself, and would sometimes attend
Presbyterian services with his wife. He loved to read
the Bible, and even quoted from it, but he almost never
made reference to Jesus, and is not known to have ever
indicated a belief in the divinity of Jesus.
o Evidence against Lincoln's ever being Christian includes
offerings from two of Lincoln's most intimate friends,
[124]Ward Hill Lamon and [125]William H. Herndon. Both
Herndon and Lamon published biographies of their former
colleague after his assassination relating their
personal recollections of him. Each denied Lincoln's
adherence to Christianity and characterized his
religious beliefs as deist or atheist.
+ Lincoln's religion at the time of his death is a matter about
which there is more disagreement. A number of Christian
pastors, writing months and even years after Lincoln's
assassination, claimed to have witnessed a late-life
conversion by Lincoln to protestant Christianity. Some
pastors date a conversion following the death of his son
Eddie in 1850, and some following the death of his son Willie
in 1862, and some later than that. These accounts are hard to
substantiate and historians consider most of them to be
[126]apocryphal.
o One such account is an entry in the memory book The
Lincoln Memorial Album--Immortelles (edited by Osborn H.
Oldroyd, 1882, New York: G.W. Carleton & Co., p. 366)
attributed to An Illinois clergyman (unnamed) which
reads "When I left Springfield I asked the people to
pray for me. I was not a Christian. When I buried my
son, the severest trial of my life, I was not a
Christian. But when I went to Gettysburg and saw the
graves of thousands of our soldiers, I then and there
consecrated myself to Christ. Yes, I do love Jesus."
Other entries in the memory book are attributed by name.
See a discussion of this story in They Never Said It, by
Paul F. Boller & John George, (Oxford Univ. Press, 1989,
p. 91).
o Rev. Dr. [127]Phineas D. Gurley, pastor of the New York
Avenue Presbyterian church in Washington D.C., which
Lincoln attended with his wife when he attended any
church, never claimed a conversion. According to D.
James Kennedy in his booklet, "What They Believed: The
Faith of Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln", "Dr.
Gurley said that Lincoln had wanted to make a public
profession of his faith on Easter Sunday morning. But
then came Ford's Theater." (p. 59, Published by Coral
Ridge Ministries, 2003) Though this is possible, we have
no way of verifying the truth of the report. The chief
evidence against it is that Dr. Gurley, so far as we
know, never mentioned it publicly. The determination to
join, if accurate, would have been extremely newsworthy.
It would have been reasonable for Dr. Gurley to have
mentioned it at the funeral in the White House, in which
he delivered the sermon which has been
preserved[128][7]. The only evidence we have is an
affidavit signed more than sixty years later by Mrs.
Sidney I. Lauck, then a very old woman. In her affidavit
signed under oath in Essex County, New Jersey,
[129]February 15, [130]1928, she said, "After Mr.
Lincoln's death, Dr. Gurley told me that Mr. Lincoln had
made all the necessary arrangements with him and the
Session of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church to be
received into the membership of the said church, by
confession of his faith in Christ, on the Easter Sunday
following the Friday night when Mr. Lincoln was
assassinated." Mrs. Lauck was, she said, about thirty
years of age at the time of the assassination.
17. [131]Andrew Johnson - no affiliation (NC/TN)
+ Some sources refer to Johnson having Baptist parents. He
accompanied his wife to Methodist services sometimes,
belonged to no church himself, and sometimes attended
Catholic services - remarking favorably there was no reserved
seating. Accused of being an infidel, he replied: "As for my
religion, it is the doctrine of the Bible, as taught and
practiced by Jesus Christ." (See The Age of Hate, 1930, by
G.F. Milton, p. 80.)
18. [132]Ulysses S. Grant - no affiliation known (OH)
+ Grant was never baptized into any church, though he
accompanied his wife to Methodist services. Many sources list
his religious affiliation as Methodist based on a Methodist
minister's account of a deathbed conversion. He did leave a
note for his wife in which he hoped to meet her again in a
better world.
19. [133]Rutherford B. Hayes - no affiliation (OH)
+ In his [134]1890, [135]17 May diary entry, he states: "I am
not a subscriber to any creed. I belong to no Church. But in
a sense satisfactory to myself, and believed by me to be
important, I try to be a Christian and to help do Christian
work." (page 435)
20. [136]James Garfield - [137]Disciples of Christ (OH)
+ In his early adulthood, Garfield sometimes preached and held
revival meetings.
21. [138]Chester A. Arthur - [139]Episcopalian (VT/NY)
22. [140]Grover Cleveland - [141]Presbyterian (NJ/NY)
23. [142]Benjamin Harrison - [143]Presbyterian (OH/IN)
+ Harrison became a church elder, and taught Sunday school
+ Franklin Steiner, in his book The Religious Beliefs Of Our
Presidents[144][8], categorized Harrison as the first
President who was unquestionably a communicant in an orthodox
Church at the time he was elected
24. [145]Grover Cleveland - [146]Presbyterian (NJ/NY)
+ During his second (non-consecutive) term, Cleveland included
mention of Jesus Christ in his Thanksgiving Proclamation,
something no other President had ever done.
25. [147]William McKinley - [148]Methodist (OH)
+ McKinley believed the U.S. government had a duty to help
spread Christianity and Western civilization to the rest of
the world.
26. [149]Theodore Roosevelt - [150]Dutch Reformed (NY)
+ 1908: opposed putting [151]In God We Trust on coins as
sacrilegious
27. [152]William Howard Taft - [153]Unitarian (OH)
28. [154]Woodrow Wilson - [155]Presbyterian (VA/GA/NJ)
29. [156]Warren G. Harding - [157]Baptist (OH)
30. [158]Calvin Coolidge - [159]Congregationalist (VT/MA)
31. [160]Herbert Hoover - [161]Quaker (IA/OR/CA)
32. [162]Franklin D. Roosevelt - [163]Episcopalian (NY)
33. [164]Harry S. Truman - [165]Baptist (MO)
34. [166]Dwight D. Eisenhower - [167]Jehovah's Witness; later
[168]Presbyterian (TX/KS/PA)
+ Brought up Jehovah's Witness, Eisenhower abandoned that
before joining the [169]United States Military Academy at
[170]West Point, New York. (See [171][9], [172][10], and
[173][11].) He was baptized, confirmed, and became a
communicant in the Presbyterian church in a single ceremony
[174]1953 [175]February 1, just weeks after his first
inauguration. He is the only president known to be baptized,
or to be confirmed, or to become a communicant while in
office. Eisenhower was instrumental in the addition of the
words "under God" to the [176]Pledge of Allegiance in
[177]1954, and the [178]1956 adoption of "[179]In God We
Trust" as the [180]motto of the USA, and its 1957
introduction on paper currency. The chapel at his
presidential library is intentionally inter-denominational.
35. [181]John F. Kennedy - [182]Roman Catholic (MA)
36. [183]Lyndon Johnson - [184]Disciples of Christ (TX)
37. [185]Richard Nixon - raised [186]Quaker (CA)
38. [187]Gerald R. Ford - [188]Episcopalian (NE/MI)
39. [189]Jimmy Carter - [190]Baptist, [191]born again (GA)
+ In [192]2000, Carter left the [193]Southern Baptist
Convention, disagreeing over the role of women in society.
See [194][12]
40. [195]Ronald Reagan - [196]Disciples of Christ (IL/CA)
41. [197]George H. W. Bush - [198]Episcopalian (MA/CT/TX)
42. [199]Bill Clinton - [200]Baptist (AR)
43. [201]George W. Bush - raised [202]Episcopalian, at age 40 became
[203]Methodist, [204]born again, religious [205]teetotaler (CT/TX)
[[206]edit]
List of Presidential religious affiliations (by religion)
* [207]Baptist
+ [208]Warren Harding
+ [209]Harry Truman
+ [210]Jimmy Carter
+ [211]Bill Clinton ([212]Southern Baptist)
* [213]Congregationalist
+ [214]Calvin Coolidge
* [215]Deist
+ [216]George Washington
+ [217]Thomas Jefferson
+ [218]James Madison
+ [219]James Monroe
+ [220]John Tyler
+ [221]Abraham Lincoln
* [222]Disciples of Christ
+ [223]James Garfield
+ [224]Lyndon Johnson
+ [225]Ronald Reagan
* [226]Dutch Reformed
+ [227]Martin Van Buren
+ [228]Theodore Roosevelt
* [229]Episcopalian - the first 7 listed below were all from
Virginia, where the Episcopal Church was the state church until
1786.
+ [230]George Washington (primarily Deist)
+ [231]Thomas Jefferson (primarily Deist)
+ [232]James Madison (primarily Deist)
+ [233]James Monroe (primarily Deist)
+ [234]William Henry Harrison (planning on joining?)
+ [235]John Tyler (primarily Deist)
+ [236]Zachary Taylor (Deist?)
+ [237]Franklin Pierce
+ [238]Chester Arthur
+ [239]Franklin D. Roosevelt
+ [240]Gerald Ford
+ [241]George H. W. Bush
* [242]Methodist
+ [243]James Polk (originally [244]Presbyterian)
+ [245]Ulysses Grant (also listed as none known)
+ [246]William McKinley
+ [247]George W. Bush
* [248]Presbyterian
+ [249]Andrew Jackson
+ [250]James Polk (later [251]Methodist)
+ [252]James Buchanan
+ [253]Grover Cleveland
+ [254]Benjamin Harrison
+ [255]Woodrow Wilson
+ [256]Dwight D. Eisenhower (originally [257]Jehovah's
Witnesses)
* [258]Quaker
+ [259]Herbert Hoover
+ [260]Richard Nixon
* [261]Roman Catholic
+ [262]John F. Kennedy
* [263]Jehovah's Witnesses
+ [264]Dwight D. Eisenhower (later [265]Presbyterian)
* [266]Unitarian - [267]Unitarian Universalism is the religion
generally associated today with those whose ideology developed
from [268]Deism.
+ [269]John Adams
+ [270]John Quincy Adams
+ [271]Millard Fillmore
+ [272]William Howard Taft
* Presidents without affiliation
+ [273]Abraham Lincoln
+ [274]Andrew Johnson
+ [275]Ulysses Grant (also listed as Methodist)
+ [276]Rutherford Hayes
[[277]edit]
External links
* [278]Adherents.com's list
* [279]Abraham Lincoln was a Deist
* [280]Excerpts from The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents, 1936,
by Franklin Steiner
* [281]Six Historic Americans by John Remsburg, 1906, examines
religious views of Paine, Jefferson, Washington, Franklin,
Lincoln, & Grant
* [282]U.S. Library of Congress site: James Hutson article, James
Madison and the Social Utility of Religion
[[283]edit]
Further reading
* Steiner, Franklin, The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents: From
Washington to F.D.R., Prometheus Books/The Freethought Library,
July 1995. [284]ISBN 0879759755
Presidential trivia lists
[286]U.S. Presidential lists
[287]Doctrines | [288]Libraries | [289]Nicknames | [290]Pets |
[291]Residences | [292]College education | [293]Date of birth |
[294]Date of death | [295]Genealogical relationship | [296]Height
order | [297]Longevity | [298]Military rank | [299]Military service |
[300]Place of birth | [301]Place of primary affiliation |
[302]Political affiliation | [303]Political occupation | [304]Previous
occupation | [305]Religious affiliation | [306]Time in office |
[307]Served one term | [308]Served two or more terms | [309]Vice
Presidents by time in office
References
Visible links
1. http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:166.84.1.1
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion
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5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election%2C_1928
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson
11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln
12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnostic
13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States
14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington
15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
17.
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18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion
19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution
20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England
21. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
22. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House
23. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison
24. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812
25. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe
26. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith
27. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity
28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist
29. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism
30. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism
31. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
32. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus
33. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
34.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidential_religious_affiliations#List_of_Presidential_religious_affiliations.2Fbeliefs_.28by_President.29
35.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidential_religious_affiliations#List_of_Presidential_religious_affiliations_.28by_religion.29
36.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidential_religious_affiliations#External_links
37.
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38.
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39.
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40. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington
41. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
42.
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43. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
44. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_providence
45. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle
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49. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity
50. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist
51. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry
52. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams
53. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism
54. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church
55. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England
56. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_churches
57. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism
58. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakening
59. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminianism
60. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
61. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism
62. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism
63. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism
64. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination
65. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1750s
66. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universalism
67. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
68. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontrinitarianism
69. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University
70. http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnadams.html
71. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson
72. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
73. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
74. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
75. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism
76. http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/thomasjefferson.html
77. http://www.famousuus.com/
78. http://www.famousuus.com/bios/thomas_jefferson.htm
79. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism
80. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley
81. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
82. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarianism
83. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Bible
84. http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson
85. http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/jefferson.htm
86. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison
87. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
88. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
89. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly
90. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England
91. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry
92. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe
93. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
94. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
95. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams
96. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism
97. http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnquincyadams.html
98. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson
99. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism
100. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren
101. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America
102. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderhook_%28village%29%2C_New_York
103. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%2C_New_York
104. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison
105. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
106. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler
107. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
108. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
109. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk
110. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism
111. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism
112. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor
113. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
114. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore
115. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism
116. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce
117. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
118. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan
119. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism
120. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln
121. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
122. http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/steinlinc.htm
123.
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124. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Hill_Lamon
125. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Herndon
126. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocryphal
127. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phineas_D._Gurley&action=edit
128. http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/gurley.htm
129. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_15
130. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928
131. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson
132. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant
133. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes
134. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890
135. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_17
136. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield
137. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ
138. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur
139. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
140. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland
141. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism
142. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison
143. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism
144.
http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/franklin_steiner/presidents.html
145. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland
146. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism
147. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley
148. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism
149. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt
150. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America
151. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust
152. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft
153. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism
154. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson
155. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism
156. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding
157. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist
158. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge
159. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalist_church
160. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover
161. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends
162. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt
163. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
164. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman
165. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist
166. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower
167. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witness
168. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism
169. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy
170. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point%2C_New_York
171. http://www.adherents.com/adh_presidents.html
172. http://www.premier1.net/~raines/eisenhower.html
173. http://www.adherents.com/largecom/fam_jw.html
174. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953
175. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1
176. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance
177. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954
178. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956
179. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust
180. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto
181. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy
182. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism
183. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson
184. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ
185. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon
186. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends
187. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford
188. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
189. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter
190. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist
191. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_again
192. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000
193. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention
194. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/982650.stm
195. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan
196. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ
197. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush
198. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
199. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton
200. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist
201. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush
202. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
203. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism
204. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_again
205. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teetotalism
206.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._Presidential_religious_affiliations&action=edit§ion=2
207. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist
208. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Harding
209. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman
210. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter
211. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton
212. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist
213. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church
214. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge
215. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deist
216. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington
217. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson
218. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison
219. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe
220. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler
221. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln
222. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ
223. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield
224. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson
225. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan
226. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America
227. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren
228. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt
229. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal
230. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington
231. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson
232. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison
233. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe
234. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison
235. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler
236. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor
237. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce
238. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Arthur
239. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt
240. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford
241. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush
242. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism
243. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Polk
244. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian
245. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_Grant
246. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley
247. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush
248. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism
249. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson
250. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Polk
251. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist
252. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan
253. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland
254. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison
255. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson
256. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower
257. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
258. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends
259. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover
260. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon
261. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism
262. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy
263. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
264. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower
265. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian
266. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism
267. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism
268. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
269. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams
270. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams
271. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore
272. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft
273. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln
274. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson
275. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_Grant
276. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes
277.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._Presidential_religious_affiliations&action=edit§ion=3
278. http://www.adherents.com/adh_presidents.html
279. http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/steinlinc.htm
280.
http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/franklin_steiner/presidents.html
281.
http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/john_remsburg/six_historic_americans/index.shtml
282. http://www.loc.gov/loc/madison/hutson-paper.html
283.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._Presidential_religious_affiliations&action=edit§ion=4
284.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0879759755
285.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._Presidential_religious_affiliations&action=edit§ion=5
286. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States
287. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidential_doctrines
288. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidential_libraries
289. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidential_nicknames
290. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidential_pets
291. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidential_residences
292. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_college_education
293. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_date_of_birth
294. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_date_of_death
295.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_genealogical_relationship
296. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_height_order
297. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_longevity
298. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_military_rank
299. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_military_service
300. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_place_of_birth
301.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_place_of_primary_affiliation
302.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_political_affiliation
303.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_political_occupation
304.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_previous_occupation
305.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_religious_affiliation
306. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_time_in_office
307.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_who_have_served_one_term
308.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_who_have_served_two_or_more_terms
309.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Vice_Presidents_by_time_in_office
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