[Paleopsych] Psychological Science: Sexual Arousal Patterns of Bisexual Men

[Premise Checker]

Sexual Arousal Patterns of Bisexual Men
Gerulf Rieger1, Meredith L. Chivers2 and J. Michael Bailey1
Psychological Science
Volume 16 Issue 8 Page 579  - August 2005
doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01578.x
[I can supply the PDF.]

First, the summary from the "Magazine and Journal Reader" feature of the daily 
bulletin from the Chronicle of Higher Education, 5.9.9:

Bisexual men generally have a physiological response to one sex or the other, 
but not both, even when they report that they are psychologically aroused by 
both sexes, three researchers write.

The research was conducted by Gerulf Rieger, a doctoral student in psychology 
at Northwestern University, and Meredith L. Chivers, a postdoctoral fellow in 
law and mental health at the Center for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, 
under the supervision of J. Michael Bailey, a Northwestern professor of 
psychology whose research has often been controversial in the past (The 
Chronicle, December 1, 2004).

The researchers showed images of two men having sex, or of two women, to 33 
self-declared homosexual men, 33 bisexual men, and 38 heterosexual men. They 
found that the men who described themselves as bisexual generally had a strong 
genital arousal to either the male or female sexual images, but not to both, 
even though the bisexual men reported that they had felt sexually aroused -- 
psychologically -- by both sets of images. "Male bisexuality," the authors 
write, "appears primarily to represent a style of interpreting or reporting 
sexual arousal rather than a distinct pattern of genital sexual arousal." So, 
while "in terms of behavior and identity, bisexual men clearly exist," 
skepticism about male bisexuality must "concern claims about bisexual feelings, 
that is, strong sexual attraction and arousal to both sexes."

The authors say they undertook the research because, since the beginnings of 
the discipline of psychology, controversy has persisted about "whether bisexual 
men are substantially sexually aroused by both sexes." Clearly, they note, 
bisexual behavior in men exists, because many men certainly have had sex with 
both men and women, and, in a 1994 national survey, about 0.8 percent of 
American men described themselves as bisexual.

But, the researchers say, their findings provide a new, more complicated 
picture of the subject. At the least, they say, "it is reasonable to ask 
whether male bisexual behavior reflects sexual arousal to both sexes." The 
divergence between genital and reported arousal is "intriguing because measures 
of genital and subjective arousal tend to be highly correlated in men," they 
say. They also note that earlier research suggests that bisexual men exaggerate 
their subjective arousal.

The authors conclude: "With respect to sexual arousal and attraction, it 
remains to be shown that male bisexuality exists. Thus, future research should 
also explore nonsexual reasons why some men might prefer a bisexual identity to 
a homosexual or heterosexual identity."

----------------

Abstract

There has long been controversy about whether bisexual men are substantially 
sexually aroused by both sexes. We investigated genital and self-reported 
sexual arousal to male and female sexual stimuli in 30 heterosexual, 33 
bisexual, and 38 homosexual men. In general, bisexual men did not have strong 
genital arousal to both male and female sexual stimuli. Rather, most bisexual 
men appeared homosexual with respect to genital arousal, although some appeared 
heterosexual. In contrast, their subjective sexual arousal did conform to a 
bisexual pattern. Male bisexuality appears primarily to represent a style of 
interpreting or reporting sexual arousal rather than a distinct pattern of 
genital sexual arousal.

Although bisexual behavior is not uncommon in men, there has long been 
skepticism that it is motivated by strong sexual arousal and attraction to both 
sexes. For example, the case studies of Krafft-Ebing (1886) suggest that most 
men with bisexual activity have sex with women because of social pressure but 
have sexual attraction exclusively or almost exclusively to men (Cases 127, 
128, 135 [-] 153, and 167). Hirschfeld (1914/2001, pp. 197 [-] 215) speculated 
that most self-identified bisexual men are either heterosexual or homosexual 
and that men with substantial bisexual attractions are rare. Freund, who was a 
pioneer in measuring male genital arousal, wrote that, after assessing genital 
arousal in hundreds of men, he never found convincing evidence that bisexual 
arousal patterns exist (1974, p. 39). The existence of male bisexual attraction 
and arousal remains controversial and poorly understood (Fox, 2000; MacDonald, 
2000; Zinik, 2000).

BISEXUALITY: BEHAVIOR, IDENTITY, AND AROUSAL

Sexual orientation refers to the degree of sexual attraction, fantasy, and 
arousal that one experiences for members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or 
both. Men's self-reported sexual orientation tends to be bimodal, with the 
large majority reporting exclusive sexual attraction to women and a minority 
reporting exclusive or near-exclusive attraction to men; the number of men who 
report substantial sexual attraction to both men and women is even smaller 
(Bailey, Dunne, & Martin, 2000; Diamond, 1993; Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, & 
Michaels, 1994).

Patterns of sexual behavior (i.e., sexual contact with men or women) are 
certainly influenced by sexual orientation, but may diverge from it for various 
reasons, including limitations in opportunity (e.g., imprisoned men without 
access to women), stigmatization (typically against homosexuality), or material 
reasons, as in the case of prostitution (Gagnon, Greenblat, & Kimmel, 1999 ). 
Unquestionably, during the course of their lives, some men have sex with both 
men and women. One survey of homosexual men found that about 69% had also been 
sexually active with women (Bell, Weinberg, & Hammersmith, 1981). Furthermore, 
some imprisoned men say that they are heterosexual even though they engage in 
homosexual sex (Kirkham, 2000 ). Given these discrepancies between reported 
sexual orientation and sexual behavior in some men, it is reasonable to ask 
whether male bisexual behavior reflects sexual arousal to both sexes.

Sexual identity refers to labels, including "homosexual,""heterosexual," or 
"bisexual," that individuals often give themselves (Sell, 1997). In a national 
survey, 0.8% of American men identified as bisexual (Laumann et al., 1994 ). 
There may be varied reasons why some men adopt a bisexual identity. For 
example, they may have intense sexual attraction to both men and women, or they 
might have sex partners of both sexes. Furthermore, men who adopt a homosexual 
identity might go through a stage in which they consider themselves bisexual. 
In one study, up to 40% of homosexual men defined themselves as bisexual before 
adopting a gay identity (Lever, 1994). In another study, most bisexual men 
shifted over time toward homosexuality; however, a small number shifted toward 
heterosexuality (Stokes, Damon, & McKirnan, 1997 ). This suggests that some 
bisexually identified men might have homosexual feelings (i.e., substantial 
attraction and arousal only to men), whereas others might have heterosexual 
feelings (i.e., substantial attraction and arousal only to women).

In terms of behavior and identity, bisexual men clearly exist. Skepticism about 
male bisexuality must therefore concern claims about bisexual feelings, that 
is, strong sexual attraction and arousal to both sexes. The primary 
methodological challenge for investigating this issue is to employ a measure of 
sexual feelings that does not depend on self-report. At present, this is 
possible only for genital sexual arousal.

MEASURING MALE SEXUAL AROUSAL

Male genital arousal can be measured using a circumferential strain gauge that 
reflects the changes in penile girth during erection (Janssen, 2002 ). 
Homosexual men show substantially more genital arousal to sexual stimuli 
depicting men (male sexual stimuli) than to those depicting women (female 
sexual stimuli); heterosexual men have the opposite pattern ( Chivers, Rieger, 
Latty, & Bailey, 2004; Freund, 1963; Freund, Watson, & Rienzo, 1989; Sakheim, 
Barlow, Beck, & Abrahamson, 1985). Subjective sexual arousal is measured by 
self-report and is typically highly correlated with genital arousal in men 
(Sakheim et al., 1985 ). However, when self-report is suspect, genital arousal 
may provide a more valid measure. For example, genital arousal to stimuli 
depicting children is an effective method of assessing pedophilia, even among 
men who deny attraction to children (Blanchard, Klassen, Dickey, Kuban, & Blak, 
2001).

Few studies have investigated genital arousal among bisexual men. One study 
(McConaghy & Blaszczynski, 1991 ) measured genital sexual arousal to slides of 
nude men and women in 20 men with problematic sexual preferences (e.g., 
pedophilia, exhibitionism, bondage, and fetishism). The authors reported that 
the bisexual-identified men among their sample showed bisexual arousal. 
However, because of the heterogeneous study sample, and because the authors did 
not use rigorous statistical analyses to distinguish bisexual arousal from 
heterosexual or homosexual arousal, the study does not definitively demonstrate 
that bisexual men have bisexual arousal. Another study compared the genital 
arousal to male and female stimuli of 10 heterosexual, 10 bisexual, and 10 
homosexual men (Tollison, Adams, & Tollison, 1979 ). Bisexual-identified men 
were indistinguishable from homosexual-identified men in their patterns of 
genital arousal. However, the group sizes in this study were relatively small, 
and thus the study may have lacked power to detect differences between the two 
groups.

THE CURRENT STUDY

We recruited self-identified heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men and 
assessed their genital and self-reported sexual arousal to male and female 
sexual stimuli. Our analyses investigated three hypotheses:

Bisexual men are substantially aroused by both male and female stimuli.

Bisexual men, like homosexual men, are much more aroused by male than by female 
stimuli.

Bisexual men show a mixture of homosexual and heterosexual patterns of sexual 
arousal, with some having much more arousal to male stimuli and others having 
much more arousal to female stimuli.

Note that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive.

METHOD

Participants

We advertised in gay-oriented magazines and an alternative newspaper in Chicago 
for "heterosexual,""bisexual," and "gay" men for a paid study of sexual 
arousal. Men who called the lab were asked about their sexual attraction toward 
men and women, so that their sexual orientation could be determined (see 
Measures and Procedure). Participants included 30 heterosexual men, 33 bisexual 
men, and 38 homosexual men, categorized on the basis of their answers to those 
questions. We also asked men to describe their sexual identity as straight, 
bisexual, or gay. Sexual attraction and sexual identity (converted to a numeric 
3-point scale) were highly correlated, r= .95. Mean ages (standard deviations 
in parentheses) were 31.6 (5.9), 31.2 (5.4), and 30.6 (5.8), for the 
heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men, respectively. The percentage of 
Caucasian participants was 49.3, and this percentage did not vary significantly 
across groups. The heterosexual and homosexual participants were included in an 
earlier study (Chivers et al., 2004).

Measures and Procedure

The measures and procedure of this study were identical to those of our earlier 
study (Chivers et al., 2004), and the report of that study provides more 
detail.

Sexual Orientation

Sexual orientation was assessed via self-report using the Kinsey Sexual 
Attraction Scale (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948 ). Participants provided 
separate Kinsey ratings for their sexual orientation during the past year and 
during adulthood. The mean of these two ratings was used in all analyses. 
"Heterosexual men" were defined as men with Kinsey Attraction scores less than 
or equal to 1, "bisexual men" had Kinsey Attraction scores greater than 1 and 
less than 5, and "homosexual men" had Kinsey scores greater than or equal to 5. 
Stimuli

Participants viewed an 11-min, neutral, relaxing film (e.g., landscapes), 
followed by several 2-min sexual films, and another neutral film. Two of the 
sexual films depicted two men having sex with each other, and two of the films 
depicted two women having sex with each other.

Sexual Arousal

Genital arousal was assessed using a penile mercury-in-rubber gauge measuring 
circumference changes during erection (Janssen, 2002 ). Participants indicated 
subjective arousal by moving a lever forward to indicate increasing arousal and 
backward to indicate decreasing arousal.

Data Analyses

Because not all men become sufficiently sexually aroused for valid assessment, 
it is important to exclude nonresponders (Seto et al., 2001 ). We excluded 
participants whose genital response to any sexual stimuli was less than a 2-mm 
increase in penile circumference and whose subjective response was less than 
5%, compared with response to neutral stimuli. The final sample contained 21 
heterosexual, 22 bisexual, and 25 homosexual men with sufficient genital 
arousal for analyses and 24 heterosexual, 24 bisexual, and 31 homosexual men 
with sufficient subjective arousal.

For each combination of participant and film clip, we computed mean genital and 
subjective arousal. Next, for each participant, we standardized genital and 
subjective arousal across film clips. Finally, we averaged the standardized 
genital arousal across female sexual stimuli in order to compute mean genital 
arousal to female stimuli; analogous calculations yielded mean genital arousal 
to male sexual stimuli and to the neutral stimulus, and mean subjective arousal 
to female and to male sexual stimuli, and to the neutral stimulus. Whenever 
arousal to sexual stimuli was used in analyses, we first subtracted arousal to 
the neutral stimulus.

RESULTS

Our first analyses examined whether men who report bisexual feelings have a 
bisexual arousal pattern. Men with strong bisexual arousal need not have 
precisely the same degree of arousal to both male and female stimuli. However, 
on average, their arousal to both male and female stimuli should be 
substantial. Furthermore, their arousal to male stimuli should exceed that of 
heterosexual men, and their arousal to female stimuli should exceed that of 
homosexual men. The hypothesis that bisexual men have bisexual arousal patterns 
thus implies a negative quadratic relation between self-reported 
sexual-attraction score (Kinsey score) and sexual arousal to the less arousing 
sex (Fig. 1a).

Figure 1b shows that the predicted curvilinear relation did not occur for 
genital arousal. The quadratic model was nonsignificant, p= .68, [beta] = [-] 
.05, [Delta] R2 = .00. In contrast, bisexual men's subjective arousal did show 
the predicted curvilinearity; the negative quadratic relation was significant, 
p< .0001, [beta] = [-] .56, [Delta] R2= .29 (Fig. 1c ). Thus, we found no 
indication of a distinctly bisexual pattern of genital sexual arousal among 
bisexual men, although they did report a distinctly bisexual pattern of 
subjective sexual arousal.

Notably, on average all men, regardless of their sexual orientation, showed 
significantly more genital arousal to their less arousing sex than they did to 
neutral stimuli; the 95% confidence interval for the curve in Figure 1b is 
above zero. However, the figure also shows that arousal to the less arousing 
sex was markedly lower than arousal to the more arousing sex.

Our next analyses examined whether bisexual men tend to have homosexual arousal 
patterns, with greater arousal to male than to female stimuli. We computed a 
male-female contrast by subtracting each participant's arousal to female 
stimuli from his arousal to male stimuli; thus, higher scores indicate more 
arousal to men. If most bisexual men are primarily aroused by male stimuli, 
then there should be a negative quadratic relation between the participants' 
Kinsey scores and their arousal difference scores (Fig. 2a).

With respect to genital arousal, the quadratic relation was significant (Fig. 
2b)1; bisexual men were more aroused by male stimuli than by female stimuli, p< 
.01, [beta] = [-] .21, [Delta] R2= .04. The analogous quadratic relation for 
subjective arousal was also significant (Fig. 2c), p< .01, [beta] = [-] .16, 
[Delta] R2= .02; bisexual men reported greater arousal to male than female 
stimuli.

Although these analyses suggest that bisexual men tend to show more arousal to 
male than to female sexual stimuli, inspection of Figure 2b suggests that not 
all do. Several men with Kinsey Attraction scores in the bisexual range tended 
to show most genital arousal to female sexual stimuli (i.e., their arousal 
contrast scores were negative). To investigate the hypothesis that bisexual men 
include a mixture of men with either homosexual or heterosexual arousal 
patterns, we computed the absolute residuals from the regressions shown in 
Figure 2 . If this hypothesis is correct, then the residuals should be largest 
within the bisexual range of the Kinsey scale, and the relation between these 
residuals and Kinsey scores should be negative quadratic (Fig. 3a).

This quadratic relation was significant for both genital arousal (Fig. 3b), p< 
.05, [beta] = [-] .25, [Delta] R2= .04, and subjective arousal (Fig. 3c), p< 
.01, [beta] = [-] .33, [Delta] R2 = .10. These results suggest that the 
bisexual men whose arousal patterns were least similar to those of homosexual 
men tended to have arousal patterns similar to those of heterosexual men.

DISCUSSION

Men who reported bisexual feelings did not show any evidence of a distinctively 
bisexual pattern of genital arousal. One must be cautious, of course, in 
drawing conclusions from negative results. However, the crucial analysis of 
arousal to the less arousing sex did not provide even a hint of the expected 
effect. On average, both homosexual and heterosexual men had much higher 
arousal to one sex than to the other, and this was equally true of bisexual 
men.

To be sure, most men were more genitally aroused to stimuli depicting their 
less arousing sex than to neutral stimuli. This finding contradicts some prior 
research in which men's arousal to their less preferred sex was comparable to 
their response to a neutral stimulus (Freund, 1974; Freund, Langevin, Cibiri, & 
Zajac, 1973 ). This suggests that most men may possess a certain capacity for 
bisexual arousal, although the magnitude of this arousal is quite modest.

In contrast to bisexual men's genital arousal, their subjective arousal did 
show the expected pattern. The divergence between results for genital and 
subjective arousal is intriguing, because measures of genital and subjective 
arousal tend to be highly correlated in men (Sakheim et al., 1985 ). For 
example, across all our participants, the correlation between the genital and 
subjective male-female contrasts was .85. These results suggest that with 
respect to their less preferred sex, either bisexual men's subjective arousal 
has been exaggerated or their genital arousal has been suppressed. An earlier 
study suggests that the former explanation is more likely. In this study, 
bisexual men, compared with heterosexual and homosexual men, had greater 
discrepancies between their objectively measured and subjectively estimated 
genital arousal, and this was primarily due to an overestimation of their 
erections to female stimuli (Tollison et al., 1979 ). This issue may be 
clarified by studies using emerging technology identifying brain activation 
patterns associated with sexual arousal (Barch et al., 2003; Hamann, Herman, 
Nolan, & Wallen, 2004 ). In principle, such activation patterns could have 
higher validity than penile erection or self-reported arousal as a measure of 
sexual arousal. In any case, our results suggest that male bisexuality is not 
simply the sum of, or the intermediate between, heterosexual and homosexual 
orientation. Indeed, with respect to sexual arousal and attraction, it remains 
to be shown that male bisexuality exists. Thus, future research should also 
explore nonsexual reasons why some men might prefer a bisexual identity to a 
homosexual or heterosexual identity.

References

Bailey, J.M., Dunne, M.P., & Martin, N.G. (2000). Genetic and environmental 
influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin 
sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 524 [-] 536.

Barch, B.E., Reber, P.J., Levitt, M.R., Gitelman, D.R., Parrish, T.B., Mesulam, 
M., & Bailey, J.M. (2003, November). Neural correlates of sexual arousal in 
heterosexual and homosexual men. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the 
Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA.

Bell, A.P., Weinberg, M.S., & Hammersmith, S.K. (1981). Sexual preference, its 
development in men and women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Blanchard, R., Klassen, P., Dickey, R., Kuban, M.E., & Blak, T. (2001). 
Sensitivity and specificity of the phallometric test for pedophilia in 
nonadmitting sex offenders. Psychological Assessment, 13, 118 [-] 126.

Chivers, M.L., Rieger, G., Latty, E., & Bailey, J.M. (2004). A sex difference 
in the specificity of sexual arousal. Psychological Science, 15, 736 [-] 744.

Diamond, M. (1993). Homosexuality and bisexuality in different populations. 
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22, 291 [-] 310.

Fox, R.C. (2000). Bisexuality in perspective: A review of theory and research. 
In B. Greene & G.L. Croom (Eds.), Education, research, and practice in lesbian, 
gay, bisexual, and transgendered psychology: A resource manual (pp. 161 [-] 
206). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Freund, K. (1963). A laboratory method for diagnosing predominance of homo- or 
hetero-erotic interest in the male. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1, 85 [-] 
93.

Freund, K., Langevin, R., Cibiri, S., & Zajac, Y. (1973). Heterosexual aversion 
in homosexual males. British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 163 [-] 169.

Freund, K., Watson, R., & Rienzo, D. (1989). Heterosexuality, homosexuality, 
and erotic age preference. Journal of Sex Research, 26, 107 [-] 117.

Freund, K.W. (1974). Male homosexuality: An analysis of the pattern. In J.A. 
Loraine (Ed.), Understanding homosexuality: Its biological and psychological 
bases (pp. 25 [-] 81). New York: Elsevier.

Gagnon, J.H., Greenblat, C.S., & Kimmel, M. (1999). Bisexuality: A sociological 
perspective. In E.J. Haeberle & R. Gindorf (Eds.), Bisexualities: The ideology 
and practice of sexual contact with both men and women (pp. 81 [-] 106). New 
York: Continuum.

Hamann, S., Herman, R.A., Nolan, C.L., & Wallen, K. (2004). Men and women 
differ in amygdala response to visual sexual stimuli. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 
411 [-] 416.

Hirschfeld, M. (2001). Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes. Berlin: 
Walter de Gruyter. (Original work published 1914)

Janssen, E. (2002). Psychophysiological measurement of sexual arousal. In M.W. 
Wiederman & B.E. Whitley, Jr. (Eds.), Handbook for conducting research on human 
sexuality (pp. 139 [-] 171). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kinsey, A.C., Pomeroy, W.B., & Martin, C.E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the 
human male. Philadelphia: Saunders.

Kirkham, G.L. (2000). Homosexuality in prison. In P.C.R. Rust (Ed.), 
Bisexuality in the United States (pp. 250 [-] 267). New York: Columbia 
University Press.

Krafft-Ebing, R.V. (1886). Psychopathia sexualis. Stuttgart, Germany: Enke.

Laumann, E.O., Gagnon, J.H., Michael, R.T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social 
organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: 
University of Chicago Press.

Lever, J. (1994, August 23). Sexual revelations: The 1994 Advocate survey of 
sexuality and relationships: The men. The Advocate, pp. 18 [-] 24.

MacDonald, A.P., Jr. (2000). A little bit of lavender goes a long way: A 
critique of research on sexual orientation. In P.C.R. Rust (Ed.), Bisexuality 
in the United States (pp. 24 [-] 30). New York: Columbia University Press.

McConaghy, N., & Blaszczynski, A. (1991). Initial stages of validation by 
penile volume assessment that sexual orientation is distributed dimensionally. 
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 32, 52 [-] 58.

Sakheim, D.K., Barlow, D.H., Beck, J.G., & Abrahamson, D.J. (1985). A 
comparison of male heterosexual and male homosexual patterns of sexual arousal. 
Journal of Sex Research, 21, 183 [-] 198.

Sell, R.L. (1997). Defining and measuring sexual orientation: A review. 
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26, 643 [-] 658.

Seto, M.C., Adkerson, D.L., Hindman, J., Jensen, S.H., Peters, J.M., & 
Peterson, K.D. (2001). Practice standards and guidelines for members of the 
Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (3rd ed.). Beaverton, OR: 
Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers.

Stokes, J.P., Damon, W., & McKirnan, D.J. (1997). Predictors of movement toward 
homosexuality: A longitudinal study of bisexual men. Journal of Sex Research, 
34, 304 [-] 312.

Tollison, C.D., Adams, H.E., & Tollison, J.W. (1979). Cognitive and 
physiological indices of sexual arousal in homosexual, bisexual, and 
heterosexual males. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 1, 305 [-] 314.

Zinik, G. (2000). Identity conflict or adaptive flexibility? Bisexuality 
reconsidered. In P.C.R. Rust (Ed.), Bisexuality in the United States (pp. 55 
[-] 60). New York: Columbia University Press.

Footnote:

1The curvilinear effect remained even after excluding 3 homosexual men who 
showed more arousal to women than to men, p= .01, [beta] = [-] .17, [Delta] R2= 
.03.

(Received 8/27/04; Revision accepted 11/10/04)

Affiliations

1Northwestern University and 2Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, 
Ontario, Canada

Correspondence Address correspondence to Gerulf Rieger, Psychology Department, 
Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Rd., Swift Hall #102, Evanston, IL 
60208; e-mail: gerulf at northwestern.edu.

Image Previews

Fig. 1. Sexual arousal as a function of sexual orientation. In each panel, the 
curve labeled "1" pres...

Fig. 2. Male-female arousal contrast (arousal to male sexual stimuli minus 
arousal to female sexual s...

Fig. 3. Absolute residuals from the regressions of Figure 2 as a function of 
sexual orientation. The ...

To cite this article
Rieger, Gerulf, Chivers, Meredith L. & Bailey, J. Michael (2005)
Sexual Arousal Patterns of Bisexual Men.
Psychological Science 16 (8), 579-584.
doi: 10.1111/
j.1467-9280.2005.01578.x