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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>Re: Meaning-Based Natural Intelligence Vs. Information-Based Artificial Intelligence </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>Eshel—As so often, we’re on the same track…this time the track of context and competition, context and survival.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>On natural meaning versus machine intelligence, way down below is the start of an unfinished essay I wrote for the writer and counterculture phenomenon RU Sirius.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It approaches a key mystery raised by both your work and mine.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Meaning comes from context.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Meaning comes from the company you keep.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It comes from what you produce of value for those around you. </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>But what is that value?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>How does it come to be?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>At what point do we go from mouse-trap like micromechanisms doing their own thing for no good reason whatsoever to a collection of these micromechanisms large enough to make the automatic snaps of its citizens into music, to make the obsessive actions of an atom or a molecule into something “valuable” and “meaningful”. </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>This leads to another thought, the connection between economics and all other systems of meaning that emerge from massive social interaction.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Is there really a difference between “meaning” and “value”?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Or do the same principles apply to information exchange, information creation, and value creation?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Are mass intellects and mass economies slightly different manifestations of the same thing?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>We do have markets for ideas.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>You come up against that fact every time you go for a grant, try to recruit grad students, or fight to get your ideas into major physics journals.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>You hit the blunt facts of that market even more when you try to move your research beyond physics journals and into the places where they really belong--into microbiology<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>and neurobiology publications.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I take a safari into the market of ideas every time I write a book.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>Why was Van Gogh’s art meaningless and valueless in the late 19<SUP>th</SUP> Century but as valuable and meaningful as gold in the 20<SUP>th</SUP>?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The answer lies in the rearrangement of large-scale social arrangements.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>But that is an awfully vague statement.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I’d like more details. </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>Why was the attraction between hydrogen and oxygen that led to water initially meaningless and valueless in clouds of interstellar gas and in comets.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Why did that mousetrap-snapping-like combination take on a first hint of value and meaning on spicules of amorphous ice when those spicules contained carbon molecules that responded to the insults of ultraviolet light by combining with water in primitive biomolecules?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Why did that meaning and value become even greater when water and its biomolecules hit the face of a planet where they could liquify, puddle, and form membrane-like envelopes?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>What contribution came from another participant in this growing social structure: moderate heat—a cushioned slam of movement that came from trapped solar energy, solar energy softened by clouds and atmosphere, then held tight by the stony cheekbones of the earth.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>How did these societies of complex, sustained social interactions gain the ability to protect themselves from disruption and chaotic change?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Could the proto-membranes have helped bubble-baby these elaborate dances?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>At what point did these webs of interaction get ambitious and go out to impose their dance steps on others?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>How did they pull off the mega-alliances of atoms that we call life?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>At what point did they cross the boundary from machine-like information-exchange to meaning?</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">Let’s take a step backward to another word you’ve wisely injected into a scientific conversation that for too many centuries has shunned it: creativity.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Creativity has manifested itself since the big bang, an act of creation almost beyond description.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The precipitation of forces, quanta, neutrons, protons, atoms, molecules, galaxies, and stars—all of these were huge creative leaps.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And ambition we can trace to the first manifestations of gravity.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>What is a galaxy or a star but an extraordinarily ambitious and greedy mass, one that has come out on top in an almost endless series of competitive bouts?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>So where does meaning and value enter this driven, obsessive-compulsive, manically self-creating cosmos?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>What peculiar mesh of social interaction finally turns a simple, machine-like game of toss-and-catch with phosphorus atoms into the Krebs Cycle?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>What sort of mesh does the Krebs cycle have to be embedded in to give it value and meaning?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>How did a cycle so dependent on trillions of interactions, interactions choreographed in just the right manner, ever manage to evolve?</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>This cosmos has an amazing habit of coughing out radically new forces. <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Until roughly 300,000 abb (after the big bang) there was no such thing as an electro-magnetic grip that held protons to electrons.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Until roughly 380,000 abb, there was no grab between things that you could call gravity.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In fact, early in the cosmos’ history, there were no “things”.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>Each of these objects and forces was something more than a mere emergent property.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Each awaited a new echelon of social complexity before it revealed itself.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>But each was far, far more than the sum of its parts.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In the days of their first emergence, the electromagnetic grip and the grapple of gravity were radically new and were NOT<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>simply a new form of social arrangement.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">Is life another new force like gravity and electromagnetism…a force that was implicit all along but took it’s own sweet time to become explicit?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Is consciousness another of these new forces?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Is conscious will a new force too?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>Are meaning and value vital aspects of these newnesses?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Meaning and value are the sums of majestic, massively repetitive, xerox-effected, copy-catted and dopplegangered webs of social interaction. But are meaning and value greater than mere social complexity come to life in new ways?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Are they a newness as gripping as the gravity of a black hole or of a sun squeezed into a blaze?</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>Now for the fragment belched forth for RU Sirius:</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">In a message dated 9/2/2004 11:44:33 PM Eastern Standard Time, rusirius@well.com writes:<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">Let me start simply. What is the Global Brain?<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">hb:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>You're right.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>On the one hand, the Global Brain is as easy to understand as can be.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Put one gigantic microprocessor to work and you have a pretty potent computer.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>But put 60 together in parallel and you have something only governments and a few top universities can afford, a supercomputer.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The earth is a mesh of processors working in parallel.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It's been that since a single chemical family rose and started a land-grab for the planet 3.85 billion years ago.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>That family is an imperialistic intermesh that specializes in transformation, invention-swapping, and collective smarts.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The territorially greedy chemical family I'm talking about is the clan of life, the clan of cells, and the clan of DNA.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">For 3.85 billion years biomass has worked full tilt on the greedy, imperialistic, yet astonishingly creative enterprise of transforming the inanimate atoms of this huge hunk of stone--the earth--into biomass.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>That's a big job.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And biomass has pulled this off by lacing masses of micro-intellects into planet-spanning macro-intellects.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">It sounds like a goofy and exaggerated notion.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>But think for a second.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>To kick off this thinking process, let's start with Richard Dawkins' idea of The Selfish Gene.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Dawkins is a brilliant thinker.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And his "let's turn this upside down and see what new insights appear" approach was great a quarter of a century ago.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">But the gene-worship that's taken over since then misses a basic point.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>No gene is an island.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>No gene can afford to be totally selfish. <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">First off, the gene itself is a pretty big collective intelligence.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Atoms talk together with yeses and nos.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Offer to give me an extra electron when my outer shell is aching to be filled and I'll say yes and pull you toward me.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Offer to give me an extra electron when my outer shell is pleasantly full and I'll whiffle by you without paying attention.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I'll give you a no.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">This is the start of intelligence--its basic unit. And I've dumbed down the nuances of this atomic language considerably.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Why?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>So you and I, two intelligent humans, can understand it quickly.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">Genes are smart collectives of atoms, collectives rigged to give them a primitive intelligence.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>They're wired a bit like spring-loaded mouse traps.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>They're set to sense things in their surroundings and to respond in a way that gets things done.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">Back in the 1950s and 1960s when BF Skinner ruled psychology he said that all of the science of the emotions and of the mind could be reduced to stimulus and response.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>By that definition, atoms and smart atom collectives have an equivalent to a mind.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In fact, smart atom collectives have no such thing.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>But if you put enough of them together, interesting things start happening. <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">Let's go back to mousetraps.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A mousetrap is meaningless unless there's a human who wants to get rid of a mouse or a mouse that wants to avoid having her neck snapped.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The same thing applies to smart collectives of atoms.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>They're only useful if they have neighbors that get something of value from what they do.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">Intelligence isn't just something inside of you.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It takes its meaning from its context, from the crowd it runs with.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>But I'm getting ahead of myself.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">Now put the electron yeses and noes, the complex chemical conversations of<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>roughly 89,900 atoms together in just the right way and you have a gene.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Well, sort of.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">Genes live in only one state--as members of teams.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Not just small teams, big ones.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The smallest string of genes we've ever seen that works--the smallest string that can produce life--is 400 genes or so.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>That's the size of the genome of the most skimpily-genomed bacteria we've ever taken apart. <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">Your genomes make the bacterial gene-strings look laughably primitive.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Your gene-teams are mega-cables, mega-masses of parallel-wired intelligences. Every one of your gene-ropes, every one of your genomes has roughly 35,000 genes.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And it takes a hundred trillion of those genomes working simultaneously to keep you going from one second to the next.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">No gene is an island!<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Actually genes are so dependent on the crowds they run with that they have no separate existence at all.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>They're segments of a gigantic, unbroken strand of atoms.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Yes, a genome is one single giant molecule.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A gene is only a segment of this molecule, a segment able to program the building of a few proteins, and a segment that's far more variable than the mousetrap.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Hit it with one regulatory signal and it will do one thing.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Hit it with a different signal and it will do something else.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Some genes can do four things or more.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">If a mousetrap is a very dumb smart device, a gene is quite a bit smarter.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>Now let's dig away a little further at Dawkins' very useful, very clever idea that genes are selfish.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In fact, let's toss a challenge at today's hot streak of DNA-centrism.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>No gene is an island.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And DNA is not an island either.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It's a citizen of a larger body...a cell. Cells were as basic to life 3.5 billion years ago when life was just getting started as were genomes. No cell, no life.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It was as simple as that.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>So it may be time to digest what we've learned from the Human Genome Initiative and move up a few steps.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>and this is as far as I got. Howard</FONT></P></DIV>
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<DIV><FONT lang=0 face=Arial size=2 FAMILY="SANSSERIF" PTSIZE="10">----------<BR>Howard Bloom<BR>Author of The Lucifer Principle: A Scientific Expedition Into the Forces of History and Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind From The Big Bang to the 21st Century<BR>Visiting Scholar-Graduate Psychology Department, New York University; Faculty Member, The Graduate Institute<BR>www.howardbloom.net<BR>www.bigbangtango.net<BR>Founder: International Paleopsychology Project; founding board member: Epic of Evolution Society; founding board member, The Darwin Project; founder: The Big Bang Tango Media Lab; member: New York Academy of Sciences, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Psychological Society, Academy of Political Science, Human Behavior and Evolution Society, International Society for Human Ethology; advisory board member: Youthactivism.org; executive editor -- New Paradigm book series.<BR>For information on The International Paleopsychology Project, see: www.paleopsych.org<BR>for two chapters from <BR>The Lucifer Principle: A Scientific Expedition Into the Forces of History, see www.howardbloom.net/lucifer<BR>For information on Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century, see www.howardbloom.net<BR></FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>